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Related papers: Fast Shapley Value Estimation: A Unified Approach

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The Shapley value, and its broader family of semi-values, has received much attention in various attribution problems. A fundamental and long-standing challenge is their efficient approximation, since exact computation generally requires an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Weida Li , Yaoliang Yu , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

The Shapley value provides a principled framework for fairly distributing rewards among participants according to their individual contributions. While prior work has applied this concept to data valuation in machine learning, existing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Zhuofan Jia , Jian Pei

Shapley values have emerged as a central game-theoretic tool in explainable AI (XAI). However, computing Shapley values exactly requires $2^d$ game evaluations for a model with $d$ features. Lundberg and Lee's KernelSHAP algorithm has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Fabian Fumagalli , R. Teal Witter , Christopher Musco

Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Hugh Chen , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Model interpretability is one of the most intriguing problems in most of the Machine Learning models, particularly for those that are mathematically sophisticated. Computing Shapley Values are arguably the best approach so far to find the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-15 Indranil Basu , Subhadip Maji

Shapley value is a classic notion from game theory, historically used to quantify the contributions of individuals within groups, and more recently applied to assign values to data points when training machine learning models. Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Amirata Ghorbani , Michael P. Kim , James Zou

We present a novel framework for estimation and inference with the broad class of universal approximators. Estimation is based on the decomposition of model predictions into Shapley values. Inference relies on analyzing the bias and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-06 Andreas Joseph

Shapley-related techniques have gained attention as both global and local interpretation tools because of their desirable properties. However, their computation using conditional expectations is computationally expensive. Approximation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-13 Zhipu Zhou , Jie Chen , Linwei Hu

The problem of explaining the behavior of deep neural networks has recently gained a lot of attention. While several attribution methods have been proposed, most come without strong theoretical foundations, which raises questions about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Marco Ancona , Cengiz Öztireli , Markus Gross

The Shapley value has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine-learning model on an input to its base features. The use of the Shapley value is justified by citing [16] showing that it is the \emph{unique} method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Mukund Sundararajan , Amir Najmi

Feature selection is a crucial step in developing robust and powerful machine learning models. Feature selection techniques can be divided into two categories: filter and wrapper methods. While wrapper methods commonly result in strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Jarne Verhaeghe , Jeroen Van Der Donckt , Femke Ongenae , Sofie Van Hoecke

In healthcare, making the best possible predictions with complex models (e.g., neural networks, ensembles/stacks of different models) can impact patient welfare. In order to make these complex models explainable, we present DeepSHAP for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Hugh Chen , Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

"How much is my data worth?" is an increasingly common question posed by organizations and individuals alike. An answer to this question could allow, for instance, fairly distributing profits among multiple data contributors and determining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Ruoxi Jia , David Dao , Boxin Wang , Frances Ann Hubis , Nick Hynes , Nezihe Merve Gurel , Bo Li , Ce Zhang , Dawn Song , Costas Spanos

Shapley value is a widely used tool in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), as it provides a principled way to attribute contributions of input features to model outputs. However, estimation of Shapley value requires capturing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Cheng Lu , Jiusun Zeng , Yu Xia , Jinhui Cai , Shihua Luo

Game-theoretic attribution techniques based on Shapley values are used to interpret black-box machine learning models, but their exact calculation is generally NP-hard, requiring approximation methods for non-trivial models. As the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-04 Rory Mitchell , Joshua Cooper , Eibe Frank , Geoffrey Holmes

Explaining AI systems is fundamental both to the development of high performing models and to the trust placed in them by their users. The Shapley framework for explainability has strength in its general applicability combined with its…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-21 Christopher Frye , Colin Rowat , Ilya Feige

Variable selection or importance measurement of input variables to a machine learning model has become the focus of much research. It is no longer enough to have a good model, one also must explain its decisions. This is why there are so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Vincent Lemaire , Fabrice Clérot , Marc Boullé

The increasing complexity of foundational models underscores the necessity for explainability, particularly for fine-tuning, the most widely used training method for adapting models to downstream tasks. Instance attribution, one type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Jingtan Wang , Xiaoqiang Lin , Rui Qiao , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Feature importance techniques have enjoyed widespread attention in the explainable AI literature as a means of determining how trained machine learning models make their predictions. We consider Shapley value based approaches to feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Mattia Villani , Joshua Lockhart , Daniele Magazzeni

Shapley values have become one of the most popular feature attribution explanation methods. However, most prior work has focused on post-hoc Shapley explanations, which can be computationally demanding due to its exponential time complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Rui Wang , Xiaoqian Wang , David I. Inouye