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As data emerges as a vital driver of technological and economic advancements, a key challenge is accurately quantifying its value in algorithmic decision-making. The Shapley value, a well-established concept from cooperative game theory,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xi Zheng , Xiangyu Chang , Ruoxi Jia , Yong Tan

This work focuses on developing efficient post-hoc explanations for quantum AI algorithms. In classical contexts, the cooperative game theory concept of the Shapley value adapts naturally to post-hoc explanations, where it can be used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Iain Burge , Michel Barbeau , Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) are widely recognised as computationally intractable for neural networks, since they induce an exponential search space over the input features. In this work, we take a first step towards scaling exact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 David Boetius , Shahaf Bassan , Guy Katz , Stefan Leue , Tobias Sutter

We present SHAPNN, a novel deep tabular data modeling architecture designed for supervised learning. Our approach leverages Shapley values, a well-established technique for explaining black-box models. Our neural network is trained using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Qisen Cheng , Shuhui Qu , Janghwan Lee

We study the efficient computation of Shapley values for \emph{product games} -- cooperative games in which the coalition value factorizes as a product of per-player terms. Such games arise in machine learning explainability whenever the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Majid Mohammadi , Grigory Reznikov , Pavel Sinitcyn , Krikamol Muandet , Siu Lun Chau

Shapley values are widely used for model-agnostic data valuation and feature attribution, yet they implicitly assume contributors are interchangeable. This can be problematic when contributors are dependent (e.g., reused/augmented data or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Kiljae Lee , Ziqi Liu , Weijing Tang , Yuan Zhang

Shapley values are great analytical tools in game theory to measure the importance of a player in a game. Due to their axiomatic and desirable properties such as efficiency, they have become popular for feature importance analysis in data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Ramin Okhrati , Aldo Lipani

Shapley Values (SV) are widely used in explainable AI, but their estimation and interpretation can be challenging, leading to inaccurate inferences and explanations. As a starting point, we remind an invariance principle for SV and derive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-01 Salim I. Amoukou , Nicolas J-B. Brunel , Tangi Salaün

Numerous works propose post-hoc, model-agnostic explanations for learning to rank, focusing on ordering entities by their relevance to a query through feature attribution methods. However, these attributions often weakly correlate or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tanya Chowdhury , Yair Zick , James Allan

Decision trees are well-known due to their ease of interpretability. To improve accuracy, we need to grow deep trees or ensembles of trees. These are hard to interpret, offsetting their original benefits. Shapley values have recently become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Peng Yu , Chao Xu , Albert Bifet , Jesse Read

Many tasks in explainable machine learning, such as data valuation and feature attribution, perform expensive computation for each data point and are intractable for large datasets. These methods require efficient approximations, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Ian Covert , Chanwoo Kim , Su-In Lee , James Zou , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Shapley Values are concepts established for eXplainable AI. They are used to explain black-box predictive models by quantifying the features' contributions to the model's outcomes. Since computing the exact Shapley Values is known to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Davide Napolitano , Luca Cagliero

Understanding why a model makes a certain prediction can be as crucial as the prediction's accuracy in many applications. However, the highest accuracy for large modern datasets is often achieved by complex models that even experts struggle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Besides accuracy, recent studies on machine learning models have been addressing the question on how the obtained results can be interpreted. Indeed, while complex machine learning models are able to provide very good results in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Guilherme Dean Pelegrina , Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte , Michel Grabisch

Banzhaf values provide a popular, interpretable alternative to the widely-used Shapley values for quantifying the importance of features in machine learning models. Like Shapley values, computing Banzhaf values exactly requires time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yurong Liu , R. Teal Witter , Flip Korn , Tarfah Alrashed , Dimitris Paparas , Christopher Musco , Juliana Freire

Interpretability of learning algorithms is crucial for applications involving critical decisions, and variable importance is one of the main interpretation tools. Shapley effects are now widely used to interpret both tree ensembles and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-03 Clément Bénard , Gérard Biau , Sébastien da Veiga , Erwan Scornet

As data becomes the fuel driving technological and economic growth, a fundamental challenge is how to quantify the value of data in algorithmic predictions and decisions. For example, in healthcare and consumer markets, it has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-06-11 Amirata Ghorbani , James Zou

SHAP scores represent the proposed use of the well-known Shapley values in eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Recent work has shown that the exact computation of SHAP scores can produce unsatisfactory results. Concretely, for some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Olivier Letoffe , Xuanxiang Huang , Joao Marques-Silva

Federated Learning (FL) wherein multiple institutions collaboratively train a machine learning model without sharing data is becoming popular. Participating institutions might not contribute equally, some contribute more data, some better…

While shallow decision trees may be interpretable, larger ensemble models like gradient-boosted trees, which often set the state of the art in machine learning problems involving tabular data, still remain black box models. As a remedy, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Maximilian Muschalik , Fabian Fumagalli , Barbara Hammer , Eyke Hüllermeier