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Prompts are the interface for eliciting the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Understanding their structure and components is critical for analyzing LLM behavior and optimizing performance. However, the field lacks a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sullam Jeoung , Yueyan Chen , Yi Zhang , Shuai Wang , Haibo Ding , Lin Lee Cheong

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction is one of the most important machine learning tasks in recommender systems, driving personalized experience for billions of consumers. Neural architecture search (NAS), as an emerging field, has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Qingquan Song , Dehua Cheng , Hanning Zhou , Jiyan Yang , Yuandong Tian , Xia Hu

In the Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction scenario, user's sequential behaviors are well utilized to capture the user interest in the recent literature. However, despite being extensively studied, these sequential methods still suffer from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Kai Zhang , Hao Qian , Qing Cui , Qi Liu , Longfei Li , Jun Zhou , Jianhui Ma , Enhong Chen

Soft prompt tuning achieves superior performances across a wide range of few-shot tasks. However, the performances of prompt tuning can be highly sensitive to the initialization of the prompts. We also empirically observe that conventional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Junda Wu , Tong Yu , Rui Wang , Zhao Song , Ruiyi Zhang , Handong Zhao , Chaochao Lu , Shuai Li , Ricardo Henao

Prompting methods have shown impressive performance in a variety of text mining tasks and applications, especially few-shot ones. Despite the promising prospects, the performance of prompting model largely depends on the design of prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Hongyuan Dong , Weinan Zhang , Wanxiang Che

Probing Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) using prompts has indirectly implied that language models (LMs) can be treated as knowledge bases. To this end, this phenomena has been effective especially when these LMs are fine-tuned towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-08 M. Abaho , D. Bollegala , P. Williamson , S. Dodd

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction is widely used in academia and industry. Most CTR tasks fall into a feature embedding \& feature interaction paradigm, where the accuracy of CTR prediction is mainly improved by designing practical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Fangye Wang , Hansu Gu , Dongsheng Li , Tun Lu , Peng Zhang , Li Shang , Ning Gu

For industrial-scale advertising systems, prediction of ad click-through rate (CTR) is a central problem. Ad clicks constitute a significant class of user engagements and are often used as the primary signal for the usefulness of ads to…

Large language models have achieved remarkable success in time series prediction tasks, but their substantial computational and memory requirements limit deployment on lightweight platforms. In this paper, we propose the Symbolic Transition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Namkyung Yoon , Hwangnam Kim

Classical sequential recommendation models generally adopt ID embeddings to store knowledge learned from user historical behaviors and represent items. However, these unique IDs are challenging to be transferred to new domains. With the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Yiqing Wu , Ruobing Xie , Zhao Zhang , Fuzhen Zhuang , Xu Zhang , Leyu Lin , Zhanhui Kang , Yongjun Xu

The meanings of words and phrases depend not only on where they are used (contexts) but also on who use them (writers). Pretrained language models (PLMs) are powerful tools for capturing context, but they are typically pretrained and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Daisuke Oba , Naoki Yoshinaga , Masashi Toyoda

Prompt engineering has emerged as an indispensable technique for extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). This approach leverages task-specific instructions, known as prompts, to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Pranab Sahoo , Ayush Kumar Singh , Sriparna Saha , Vinija Jain , Samrat Mondal , Aman Chadha

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction, whose goal is to predict the probability of the user to click on an item, has become increasingly significant in the recommender systems. Recently, some deep learning models with the ability to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Tianwei Cao , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Qingming Huang

Information retrieval aims to find information that meets users' needs from the corpus. Different needs correspond to different IR tasks such as document retrieval, open-domain question answering, retrieval-based dialogue, etc., while they…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Shicheng Xu , Liang Pang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) hold considerable promise for applications in healthcare. However, their deployment in safety-critical settings is hindered by two key limitations: (i) sensitivity to prompt design, and (ii) a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Anita Kriz , Elizabeth Laura Janes , Xing Shen , Tal Arbel

Pre-trained large-scale vision-language models (VLMs) have acquired profound understanding of general visual concepts. Recent advancements in efficient transfer learning (ETL) have shown remarkable success in fine-tuning VLMs within the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Haoxing Chen , Yaohui Li , Zizheng Huang , Yan Hong , Zhuoer Xu , Zhangxuan Gu , Jun Lan , Huijia Zhu , Weiqiang Wang

Multimodal click-through rate (CTR) prediction is a key technique in industrial recommender systems. It leverages heterogeneous modalities such as text, images, and behavioral logs to capture high-order feature interactions between users…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Honghao Li , Hanwei Li , Jing Zhang , Yi Zhang , Ziniu Yu , Lei Sang , Yiwen Zhang

Click-through rate (CTR) prediction plays important role in personalized advertising and recommender systems. Though many models have been proposed such as FM, FFM and DeepFM in recent years, feature engineering is still a very important…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Qingyun She , Zhiqiang Wang , Junlin Zhang

This paper surveys and organizes research works in a new paradigm in natural language processing, which we dub "prompt-based learning". Unlike traditional supervised learning, which trains a model to take in an input x and predict an output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Pengfei Liu , Weizhe Yuan , Jinlan Fu , Zhengbao Jiang , Hiroaki Hayashi , Graham Neubig

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction has become an essential task in digital industries, such as digital advertising or online shopping. Many deep learning-based methods have been implemented and have become state-of-the-art models in the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ibrahim Can Yilmaz , Said Aldemir