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This informal technical report details the geometric illustration of decision boundaries for ReLU units in a three layer fully connected neural network. The network is designed and trained to predict pixel intensity from an (x, y) input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Luke N. Darlow , Amos J. Storkey

In the past decade, deep learning became the prevalent methodology for predictive modeling thanks to the remarkable accuracy of deep neural networks in tasks such as computer vision and natural language processing. Meanwhile, the structure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Joey Huchette , Gonzalo Muñoz , Thiago Serra , Calvin Tsay

We study the problem of learning optimal policy from a set of discrete treatment options using observational data. We propose a piecewise linear neural network model that can balance strong prescriptive performance and interpretability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Wei Sun , Asterios Tsiourvas

We algorithmically determine the regions and facets of all dimensions of the canonical polyhedral complex, the universal object into which a ReLU network decomposes its input space. We show that the locations of the vertices of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Marissa Masden

This paper explores the topological signatures of ReLU neural network activation patterns. We consider feedforward neural networks with ReLU activation functions and analyze the polytope decomposition of the feature space induced by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Vicente Bosca , Tatum Rask , Sunia Tanweer , Andrew R. Tawfeek , Branden Stone

Convex functions and their gradients play a critical role in mathematical imaging, from proximal optimization to Optimal Transport. The successes of deep learning has led many to use learning-based methods, where fixed functions or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Anne Gagneux , Mathurin Massias , Emmanuel Soubies , Rémi Gribonval

Amongst others, the adoption of Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) is regarded as one of the ingredients of the success of deep learning. ReLU activation has been shown to mitigate the vanishing gradient issue, to encourage sparsity in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-14 Nicola Picchiotti , Marco Gori

The realization function of a shallow ReLU network is a continuous and piecewise affine function $f:\mathbb R^d\to \mathbb R$, where the domain $\mathbb R^{d}$ is partitioned by a set of $n$ hyperplanes into cells on which $f$ is affine. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 S. Dereich , S. Kassing

We consider a binary classifier defined as the sign of a tropical rational function, that is, as the difference of two convex piecewise linear functions. The parameter space of ReLU neural networks is contained as a semialgebraic set inside…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-19 Marie-Charlotte Brandenburg , Georg Loho , Guido Montúfar

In this paper, we consider the computational complexity of formally verifying the behavior of Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) Neural Networks (NNs), where verification entails determining whether the NN satisfies convex polytopic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-26 James Ferlez , Yasser Shoukry

Piecewise affine neural networks (PANNs) provide a principled geometric perspective on neural network expressivity by characterizing the input--output map as a continuous piecewise affine (CPA) function whose complexity is governed by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yi Wei , Xuan Qi , Furao Shen , Jian Zhao , Vittorio Murino , Cigdem Beyan

The parameter space for any fixed architecture of feedforward ReLU neural networks serves as a proxy during training for the associated class of functions - but how faithful is this representation? It is known that many different parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 J. Elisenda Grigsby , Kathryn Lindsey , David Rolnick

In this paper, we introduce a novel analysis of neural networks based on geometric (Clifford) algebra and convex optimization. We show that optimal weights of deep ReLU neural networks are given by the wedge product of training samples when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Mert Pilanci

Feed-forward networks can be interpreted as mappings with linear decision surfaces at the level of the last layer. We investigate how the tangent space of the network can be exploited to refine the decision in case of ReLU (Rectified Linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Dániel Rácz , Bálint Daróczy

Previous work has questioned the conditions under which the decision regions of a neural network are connected and further showed the implications of the corresponding theory to the problem of adversarial manipulation of classifiers. It has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Trung Le , Dinh Phung

Implicit deep learning has received increasing attention recently due to the fact that it generalizes the recursive prediction rules of many commonly used neural network architectures. Its prediction rule is provided implicitly based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Tianxiang Gao , Hailiang Liu , Jia Liu , Hridesh Rajan , Hongyang Gao

Understanding the fundamental mechanism behind the success of deep neural networks is one of the key challenges in the modern machine learning literature. Despite numerous attempts, a solid theoretical analysis is yet to be developed. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci

We describe an algorithm that learns two-layer residual units using rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation: suppose the input $\mathbf{x}$ is from a distribution with support space $\mathbb{R}^d$ and the ground-truth generative model is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zhunxuan Wang , Linyun He , Chunchuan Lyu , Shay B. Cohen

Deep learning, in the form of artificial neural networks, has achieved remarkable practical success in recent years, for a variety of difficult machine learning applications. However, a theoretical explanation for this remains a major open…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-15 Itay Safran , Ohad Shamir

This paper presents a novel framework for understanding trained ReLU networks as random, affine functions, where the randomness is induced by the distribution over the inputs. By characterizing the probability distribution of the network's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Shreyas Chaudhari , José M. F. Moura