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We give a formal procedure for computing preimages of convolutional network outputs using the dual basis defined from the set of hyperplanes associated with the layers of the network. We point out the special symmetry associated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Stefan Carlsson

We extend the ReLU Transition Graph (RTG) framework into a comprehensive graph-theoretic model for understanding deep ReLU networks. In this model, each node represents a linear activation region, and edges connect regions that differ by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Sahil Rajesh Dhayalkar

Neural networks often operate in the overparameterized regime, in which there are far more parameters than training samples, allowing the training data to be fit perfectly. That is, training the network effectively learns an interpolating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Suzanna Parkinson , Greg Ongie , Rebecca Willett

We study when geometric simplicity of decision boundaries, used here as a notion of interpretability, can conflict with accurate approximation of axis-aligned decision trees by shallow neural networks. Decision trees induce rule-based,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Akash Kumar

A ReLU neural network leads to a finite polyhedral decomposition of input space and a corresponding finite dual graph. We show that while this dual graph is a coarse quantization of input space, it is sufficiently robust that it can be…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2023-07-03 Yajing Liu , Christina M Cole , Chris Peterson , Michael Kirby

We develop a framework for analyzing parameter symmetries in deep ReLU networks and obtain a complete characterization of the generic parameter fibers for three-layer bottleneck architectures. Our approach provides explicit semi-algebraic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Johanna Marie Gegenfurtner , Moritz Grillo , Guido Montúfar

It has been widely assumed that a neural network cannot be recovered from its outputs, as the network depends on its parameters in a highly nonlinear way. Here, we prove that in fact it is often possible to identify the architecture,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 David Rolnick , Konrad P. Kording

Deep ReLU Networks can be decomposed into a collection of linear models, each defined in a region of a partition of the input space. This paper provides three results extending this theory. First, we extend this linear decompositions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Mattia Jacopo Villani , Peter McBurney

Neural networks with the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) nonlinearity are described by a vector of parameters $\theta$, and realized as a piecewise linear continuous function $R_{\theta}: x \in \mathbb R^{d} \mapsto R_{\theta}(x) \in \mathbb…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Pierre Stock , Rémi Gribonval

Studying the interplay between the geometry of the loss landscape and the optimization trajectories of simple neural networks is a fundamental step for understanding their behavior in more complex settings. This paper reveals the presence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Marco Nurisso , Pierrick Leroy , Francesco Vaccarino

It is commonly recognized that the expressiveness of deep neural networks is contingent upon a range of factors, encompassing their depth, width, and other relevant considerations. Currently, the practical performance of the majority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei

This work focuses on the analysis of fully connected feed forward ReLU neural networks as they approximate a given, smooth function. In contrast to conventionally studied universal approximation properties under increasing architectures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Erion Morina , Martin Holler

Given a continuous finitely piecewise linear function $f:\mathbb{R}^{n_0} \to \mathbb{R}$ and a fixed architecture $(n_0,\ldots,n_k;1)$ of feedforward ReLU neural networks, the exact function realization problem is to determine when some…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-09-10 Yaoying Fu

Injectivity is the defining property of a mapping that ensures no information is lost and any input can be perfectly reconstructed from its output. By performing hard thresholding, the ReLU function naturally interferes with this property,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Daniel Haider , Martin Ehler , Peter Balazs

Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) have been shown to ameliorate the vanishing gradient problem, allow for efficient backpropagation, and empirically promote sparsity in the learned parameters. They have led to state-of-the-art results in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-30 Xingyuan Pan , Vivek Srikumar

We contribute to a better understanding of the class of functions that can be represented by a neural network with ReLU activations and a given architecture. Using techniques from mixed-integer optimization, polyhedral theory, and tropical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Christoph Hertrich , Amitabh Basu , Marco Di Summa , Martin Skutella

Recent results in nonparametric regression show that deep learning, i.e., neural network estimates with many hidden layers, are able to circumvent the so-called curse of dimensionality in case that suitable restrictions on the structure of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-30 Michael Kohler , Sophie Langer

In this paper, we investigate the geometric structure of activation spaces of fully connected layers in neural networks and then show applications of this study. We propose an efficient approximation algorithm to characterize the convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Yuting Jia , Haiwen Wang , Shuo Shao , Huan Long , Yunsong Zhou , Xinbing Wang

It is difficult to describe in mathematical terms what a neural network trained on data represents. On the other hand, there is a growing mathematical understanding of what neural networks are in principle capable of representing.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Daan Huybrechs

We present a simple proof for the benefit of depth in multi-layer feedforward network with rectified activation ("depth separation"). Specifically we present a sequence of classification problems indexed by $m$ such that (a) for any fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Asaf Amrami , Yoav Goldberg