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$\textit{Magic: The Gathering}$ is a popular and famously complicated trading card game about magical combat. In this paper we show that optimal play in real-world $\textit{Magic}$ is at least as hard as the Halting Problem, solving a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-24 Alex Churchill , Stella Biderman , Austin Herrick

Positional games are a well-studied class of combinatorial game. In their usual form, two players take turns to play moves in a set (`the board'), and certain subsets are designated as `winning': the first person to occupy such a set wins…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-12 J. Robert Johnson , Imre Leader , Mark Walters

We propose a unifying additive theory for standard conventions in Combinatorial Game Theory, including normal-, mis\`ere- and scoring-play, studied by Berlekamp, Conway, Dorbec, Ettinger, Guy, Larsson, Milley, Neto, Nowakowski, Renault,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-07 Urban Larsson , Richard J. Nowakowski , Carlos P. Santos

Temporal graphs extend ordinary graphs with discrete time that affects the availability of edges. We consider solving games played on temporal graphs where one player aims to explore the graph, i.e., visit all vertices. The complexity…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Pete Austin , Nicolas Mazzocchi , Sougata Bose , Patrick Totzke

We study the following combinatorial game played by two players, Alice and Bob, which generalizes the Pizza game considered by Brown, Winkler and others. Given a connected graph G with nonnegative weights assigned to its vertices, the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-08-07 Josef Cibulka , Jan Kynčl , Viola Mészáros , Rudolf Stolař , Pavel Valtr

A valuation for a player in a game in extensive form is an assignment of numeric values to the players moves. The valuation reflects the desirability moves. We assume a myopic player, who chooses a move with the highest valuation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Philippe Jehiel , Dov Samet

We show that two-dimensional billiard systems are Turing complete, in the sense that the halting of any Turing machine with a given input is equivalent to a certain bounded trajectory in this system entering a specified open set. Billiards…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-04-24 Eva Miranda , Isaac Ramos

We initiate the study of simple games from the point of view of combinatorial topology. The starting premise is that the losing coalitions of a simple game can be identified with a simplicial complex. Various topological constructions and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-03-18 Ismar Volic , Leah Valentiner

Important decisions are likely made by groups of agents. Thus group decision making is very common in practice. Very transparent group aggregating rules are given by weighted voting, where each agent is assigned a weight. Here a proposal is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-01-08 Sascha Kurz , Nikolas Tautenhahn

The focus of this essay is a rigorous treatment of infinite games. An infinite game is defined as a play consisting of a fixed number of players whose sequence of moves is repeated, or iterated ad infinitum. Each sequence corresponds to a…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2010-01-12 Thomas Kellam Meyer

We study zero-sum games, a variant of the classical combinatorial Subtraction games (studied for example in the monumental work "Winning Ways", by Berlekamp, Conway and Guy), called Cumulative Subtraction (CS). Two players alternate in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-14 Gal Cohensius , Urban Larsson , Reshef Meir , David Wahlstedt

We settle two long-standing complexity-theoretical questions-open since 1981 and 1993-in combinatorial game theory (CGT). We prove that the Grundy value (a.k.a. nim-value, or nimber) of Undirected Geography is PSPACE-complete to compute.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Kyle Burke , Matthew Ferland , Shanghua Teng

Exactly 20 years ago at MFCS, Demaine posed the open problem whether the game of Dots & Boxes is PSPACE-complete. Dots & Boxes has been studied extensively, with for instance a chapter in Berlekamp et al. "Winning Ways for Your Mathematical…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kevin Buchin , Mart Hagedoorn , Irina Kostitsyna , Max van Mulken

Burke and Teng introduced a two-player combinatorial game Atropos based on Sperner's lemma, and showed that deciding whether one has a winning strategy for Atropos is PSPACE-complete. In the original Atropos game, the players must color a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Chao Yang , Zhujun Zhang

In this paper, we address a natural question at the intersection of combinatorial game theory and computational complexity: "Can a sum of simple tepid games in canonical form be intractable?" To resolve this fundamental question, we…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Kyle Burke , Matthew Ferland , Svenja Huntemann , Shang-Hua Teng

This paper addresses several significant gaps in the theory of restricted mis\`ere play (Plambeck, Siegel 2008), primarily in the well-studied universe of dead-ending games, $\mathcal{E}$ (Milley, Renault 2013); if a player run out of moves…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-07-31 Urban Larsson , Rebecca Milley , Richard Nowakowski , Gabriel Renault , Carlos Santos

We analyze the computational complexity of the video game "CELESTE" and prove that solving a generalized level in it is NP-Complete. Further, we also show how, upon introducing a small change in the game mechanics (adding a new game…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Zeeshan Ahmed , Alapan Chaudhuri , Kunwar Shaanjeet Singh Grover , Ashwin Rao , Kushagra Garg , Pulak Malhotra

Imitation is simple behavior which uses successful actions of others in order to deal with one's own problems. Because success of imitation generally depends on whether profit of an imitating agent coincides with those of other agents or…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-01-23 Masahiko Ueda

We study the combinatorial two-player game Tron. We answer the extremal question on general graphs and also consider smaller graph classes. Bodlaender and Kloks conjectured in [2] PSPACE- completeness. We proof this conjecture.

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-10-17 Tillmann Miltzow

Compositional Game Theory is a new, recently introduced model of economic games based upon the computer science idea of compositionality. In it, complex and irregular games can be built up from smaller and simpler games, and the equilibria…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Neil Ghani , Clemens Kupke , Alasdair Lambert , Fredrik Nordvall Forsberg