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Primary Frequency Control (PFC) is a fast acting mechanism used to ensure high-quality power for the grid that is becoming an increasingly attractive option for load participation. Due to speed requirement and other considerations, it is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-23 Joshua Comden , Tan N. Le , Yue Zhao , Bong Jun Choi , Zhenhua Liu

The integration of massive offshore wind into hybrid AC-HVDC grids demands robust DC voltage regulation, yet conventional fixed-gain droop controllers struggle under severe stochastic volatility. This paper bridges the gap between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Hongjin Du , Aleksandra Lekić

A large share of renewable energy sources integrated into the national grids and an increased interconnection capacity with asynchronous networks, are the main contributors in reducing the kinetic energy storage in the Nordic Power System.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-30 Matas Dijokas , Danilo Obradovic , Georgios Misyris , Tilman Weckesser , Thierry Van Cutsem

With the emergence of low-inertia microgrids powered by inverter-based generation, there remains a concern about the operational resilience of these systems. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs), enabled by various device-level (primary) and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-23 Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Alok Kumar Bharati , Subhrajit Sinha , Soumya Kundu , Veronica Adetola , Kevin Schneider

The increasing integration of renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, introduces significant uncertainty into hybrid AC-HVDC systems due to forecast errors and power fluctuations. Conventional control strategies typically rely on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-30 Hongjin Du , Rahul Rane , Weijie Xia , Pedro P. Vergara , Aleksandra Lekić

This paper investigates the implementation and application of the multi-variable grid-forming hybrid angle control (HAC) for high-power converters in transmission grids. We explore the system-level performance and robustness of the HAC…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-13 Ali Tayyebi , Alan Magdaleno , Denis Vettoretti , Meng Chen , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) play a crucial role in the stability of power systems with large amounts of converter-based generation. Transient stability (angle stability under large disturbances) is a critical limiting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Luis Rouco , Javier Renedo , Lukas Sigrist , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada

Ensuring reliable and low-latency communication in offshore wind farms is critical for efficient monitoring and control, yet remains challenging due to the harsh environment and lack of infrastructure. This paper investigates a flying base…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-11 Xinyi Lin , Peizheng Li , Adnan Aijaz

Grid-forming technology has a crucial role in achieving the future all renewable power grid. Among different types of grid-forming controllers, Virtual Oscillator (VO) based Controllers (VOCs) are the most advanced. VOCs outperform the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-26 Ritwik Ghosh

Frequency control (FC) enables utility-scale grid-connected hybrid power plants (HPPs) to operate in compliance with grid code requirements while to capture value streams from provision of frequency control services (FCSs). In this paper, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-05 Qian Long , Kaushik Das , Poul Sørensen

The popular single-input single-output control structures and classic design methods (e.g., root locus analysis) for the power control of grid-forming converters have limitations in applying to different line characteristics and providing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-02 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

The paper discusses fast frequency control in bulk power systems using embedded networks of grid-forming energy storage resources. Differing from their traditional roles of regulating reserves, the storage resources in this work operate as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

As the penetration level of distributed energy resources (DERs) continues to rise, traditional frequency and voltage support from synchronous machines declines. This weakens grid stability and increases the need for fast and adaptive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Sihao Chen , Xue Hu , Zhaoyuan Wu

Floating wind turbines (FWTs) hold significant potential for the exploitation of offshore renewable energy resources. Nevertheless, prior to the construction of FWTs, it is imperative to tackle several critical challenges, especially the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-18 Yingjie Gong , Qinmin Yang , Hua Geng , Wenchao Meng , Lin Wang

Hybrid power plants (HPPs) combine multiple power generators (conventional/variable) and energy storage capabilities to support generation inadequacy and grid demands. This paper introduces a modeling and control design framework for hybrid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Stephen Ampleman , Himanshu Sharma , Sayak Mukherjee , Sonja Glavaski

In this paper we present a risk-averse model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the operation of islanded microgrids with very high share of renewable energy sources. The proposed scheme mitigates the effect of errors in the determination…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-08-20 Christian A. Hans , Pantelis Sopasakis , Jörg Raisch , Carsten Reincke-Collon , Panagiotis Patrinos

The diode rectifier unit-based high voltage direct current (DRU-HVDC) transmission with grid-forming (GFM) wind turbine is becoming a promising scheme for offshore wind farm(OWF) integration due to its high reliability and low cost. In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-19 Zhekai Li , Kun Han , Xu Cai , Renxin Yang , Haotian Yu , Kepeng Xia , Lulu Liu

The massive deployment of inverter-based generation poses several challenges to system operators but also offers new opportunities. In the context of grid recovery, inverter-based generation is expected to take over new responsibilities, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-28 Adolfo Anta , Diego Cifelli