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Wind energy has become increasingly important for meeting Europe's energy needs. While onshore wind expansion faces public acceptance problems, for offshore wind the European Commission has introduced ambitious goals to increase capacity…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-06-09 Philipp Glaum , Fabian Neumann , Tom Brown

This paper proposed a model predictive control (MPC) secondary frequency control method considering wind and solar power generation stochastics. The extended state-space matrix including unknown stochastic power disturbance is established,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Cheng Zhong , Zhifu Jiang , Xiangyu Zhang , Jikai Chen , Yang Li

This paper proposes a black-start method for an off-grid wind-to-hydrogen (W2H) system comprising a wind farm based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) serving as the black-start power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-19 Bosen Yang , Kang Ma , Jin Lin , Yonghua Song

Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

This paper focuses on the challenging task of bottom-up restoration in a complete blackout system using Grid-forming (GFM) converters. Challenges arise due to the limited current capability of power converters, resulting in distinct dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Zexian Zeng , Prajwal Bhagwat , Maryam Saeedifard , Dominic Groß

In 2017, Energinet and TenneT, the Danish and Dutch Transmission System Operators (TSOs), have announced the North Sea Wind Power Hub (NSWPH) project. The project aims at increasing by 36 GW the North Sea offshore wind capacity, with an…

The ongoing global transition towards low-carbon energy has propelled the integration of offshore wind farms, which, when combined with Modular Multilevel Converter-based High-Voltage Direct Current (MMC-HVDC) transmission, present unique…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Moisés J. B. B. Davi , Felipe V. Lopes , Vinícius A. Lacerda , Mário Oleskovicz , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Modular Multilevel Converter-based High Voltage Direct Current (MMC-HVDC) system is a promising technology for integration of offshore wind farms (OWFs). However, onshore AC faults on MMC-HVDC reduce the power transfer capability of onshore…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Dileep Kumar , Wajiha Shireen

In this work we present a novel dual-port grid-forming control strategy, for permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbines with back-to-back voltage source converters, that unifies the entire range of functions from maximum power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-21 Xue Lyu , Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß

This paper introduces a universal power synchronization controller for grid-side control of the wind turbine conversion systems in an offshore wind farm with a diode rectifier in the offshore substation of the HVDC link. The controller…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Ioannis Tsoumas , Mario Schweizer , Ognjen Stanojev , Lennart Harnefors

Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) present a significant challenge to the stability and reliability of power systems, especially in grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Traditional grid-following (GFL) inverters have…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Tamojit Chakraborty , Anamitra Pal , Sam Maleki

HVDC is a critically important technology for the large-scale integration of renewable resources such as offshore wind farms. Currently, only point-to-point and multi-terminal HVDC connections exist in real-life operation. However, with the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Chandra Kant Jat , Jay Dave , Dirk Van Hertem , Hakan Ergun

This paper investigates power swing characteristics of grid-forming voltage source converter (GFM-VSC) systems considering the current limitation mode in both non-inertial and inertial GFM-VSC systems. Following grid faults, non-inertial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-17 Yongxin Xiong , Heng Wu , Yifei Li , Xiongfei Wang

The grid-forming converter is an important unit in the future power system with more inverter-interfaced generators. However, improving its performance is still a key challenge. This paper proposes a generalized architecture of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-14 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

Voltage support capability is critical for grid-forming (GFM) inverters with current-limiting control (CLC) during grid faults. Despite the findings on the voltage support for symmetrical grid faults, its applicability to more common but…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-08 Han Zhang , Rui Liu , Yunwei , Li

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

In this paper, we present an analogy for a power system dominated by grid-forming (GFM) sources that proves to be a powerful visualization tool for analyses of power flow, frequency regulation, and power dispatch. Frequency droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-12 Minghui Lu , Brett Ross

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

Power systems are currently experiencing a transition towards decarbonisation of electrical generation through large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources. These are gradually replacing conventional thermal power plants which today…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-27 Daniela Pagnani , Łukasz H. Kocewiak , Jesper Hjerrild , Frede Blaabjerg , Claus Leth Bak

This letter proposes a dual model for grid-forming (GFM) controlled converters. The model is inspired from the observation that the structures of the active and reactive power equations of lossy synchronous machine models are almost…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-12 Federico Milano