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We consider discrete-time stationary mean field games (MFG) with unknown dynamics and design algorithms for finding the equilibrium with finite-time complexity guarantees. Prior solutions to the problem assume either the contraction of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-13 Sihan Zeng , Sujay Bhatt , Alec Koppel , Sumitra Ganesh

This paper presents a general mean-field game (GMFG) framework for simultaneous learning and decision-making in stochastic games with a large population. It first establishes the existence of a unique Nash Equilibrium to this GMFG, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Renyuan Xu , Junzi Zhang

Mean-field control (MFC) offers a scalable solution to the curse of dimensionality in multi-agent systems but traditionally hinges on the restrictive assumption of exchangeability via dense, all-to-all interactions. In this work, we bridge…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Tobias Schmidt , Kai Cui

Recently, deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been applied successfully to multi-agent scenarios. Typically, these methods rely on a concatenation of agent states to represent the information content required for decentralized…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Maximilian Hüttenrauch , Adrian Šošić , Gerhard Neumann

This paper proposes a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm for infinite horizon $\rm {H_{2}/H_{\infty}}$ problem in a class of stochastic discrete-time systems, rather than using a set of coupled generalized algebraic Riccati equations…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-28 Xiushan Jiang , Li Wang , Dongya Zhao , Ling Shi

Multiagent reinforcement learning algorithms have not been widely adopted in large scale environments with many agents as they often scale poorly with the number of agents. Using mean field theory to aggregate agents has been proposed as a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Mark Crowley , Pascal Poupart

Mean Field Games (MFG) are the class of games with a very large number of agents and the standard equilibrium concept is a Mean Field Equilibrium (MFE). Algorithms for learning MFE in dynamic MFGs are unknown in general. Our focus is on an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-02 Kiyeob Lee , Desik Rengarajan , Dileep Kalathil , Srinivas Shakkottai

The marriage between mean-field theory and reinforcement learning has shown a great capacity to solve large-scale control problems with homogeneous agents. To break the homogeneity restriction of mean-field theory, a recent interest is to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yuanquan Hu , Xiaoli Wei , Junji Yan , Hengxi Zhang

We present a new combined \textit{mean field control game} (MFCG) problem which can be interpreted as a competitive game between collaborating groups and its solution as a Nash equilibrium between groups. Players coordinate their strategies…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-16 Andrea Angiuli , Nils Detering , Jean-Pierre Fouque , Mathieu Lauriere , Jimin Lin

Mean-field reinforcement learning (MF-RL) scales multi-agent RL to large populations by reducing each agent's dependence on others to a single summary statistic -- the mean action. However, this reduction requires every agent to act at…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Shan Yang

This paper develops a new deep learning algorithm to solve a class of finite-horizon mean-field games. The proposed hybrid algorithm uses Markov chain approximation method combined with a stochastic approximation-based iterative deep…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-12 Yu Zhang , Zhuo Jin , Jiaqin Wei , George Yin

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) remains difficult to scale to many agents. Recent MARL using Mean Field Control (MFC) provides a tractable and rigorous approach to otherwise difficult cooperative MARL. However, the strict MFC…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Kai Cui , Christian Fabian , Anam Tahir , Heinz Koeppl

Recent reinforcement learning (RL) methods have achieved success in various domains. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) remains a challenge in terms of decentralization, partial observability and scalability to many agents. Meanwhile,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Kai Cui , Sascha Hauck , Christian Fabian , Heinz Koeppl

With the rapid advancement of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and missile technologies, perimeter-defense game between attackers and defenders for the protection of critical regions have become increasingly complex and strategically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Li Wang , Xin Yu , Xuxin Lv , Gangzheng Ai , Wenjun Wu

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning makes optimal decisions dependent on system states observed by agents, but any uncertainty on the observations may mislead agents to take wrong actions. The Mean-Field Actor-Critic reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Ziyuan Zhou , Guanjun Liu

Existing multi-agent reinforcement learning methods are limited typically to a small number of agents. When the agent number increases largely, the learning becomes intractable due to the curse of the dimensionality and the exponential…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Yaodong Yang , Rui Luo , Minne Li , Ming Zhou , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

This paper presents a novel model-free method to solve linear quadratic Gaussian mean field social control problems in the presence of multiplicative noise. The objective is to achieve a social optimum by solving two algebraic Riccati…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Zhenhui Xu , Bing-Chang Wang , Tielong Shen

In this paper, we extend mean-field Langevin dynamics to minimax optimization over probability distributions for the first time with symmetric and provably convergent updates. We propose mean-field Langevin averaged gradient (MFL-AG), a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-19 Juno Kim , Kakei Yamamoto , Kazusato Oko , Zhuoran Yang , Taiji Suzuki

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been applied to address a variety of cooperative multi-agent problems with either discrete action spaces or continuous action spaces. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous work has ever…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Haotian Fu , Hongyao Tang , Jianye Hao , Zihan Lei , Yingfeng Chen , Changjie Fan

Mean field control (MFC) is an effective way to mitigate the curse of dimensionality of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problems. This work considers a collection of $N_{\mathrm{pop}}$ heterogeneous agents that can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Washim Uddin Mondal , Mridul Agarwal , Vaneet Aggarwal , Satish V. Ukkusuri