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Website fingerprinting (WF) is a dangerous attack on web privacy because it enables an adversary to predict the website a user is visiting, despite the use of encryption, VPNs, or anonymizing networks such as Tor. Previous WF work almost…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Rob Jansen , Ryan Wails , Aaron Johnson

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks on Tor can infer user destinations from encrypted traffic metadata. However, their real-world effectiveness remains debated due to laboratory settings that fail to capture network fluctuations, evaluate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mohammadhamed Shadbeh , Khashayar Khajavi , Tao Wang

The Tor network provides users with strong anonymity by routing their internet traffic through multiple relays. While Tor encrypts traffic and hides IP addresses, it remains vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks such as the website…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yuwen Cui , Guangjing Wang , Khanh Vu , Kai Wei , Kehan Shen , Zhengyuan Jiang , Xiao Han , Ning Wang , Zhuo Lu , Yao Liu

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks exploit patterns in encrypted traffic to infer the websites visited by users, posing a serious threat to anonymous communication systems. Although recent WF techniques achieve over 90% accuracy in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Xinhao Deng , Jingyou Chen , Linxiao Yu , Yixiang Zhang , Zhongyi Gu , Changhao Qiu , Xiyuan Zhao , Ke Xu , Qi Li

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks identify the websites visited over anonymized connections by analyzing patterns in network traffic flows, such as packet sizes, directions, or interval times using a machine learning classifier. Previous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Chuxu Song , Zining Fan , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is a type of traffic analysis attack that enables a local passive eavesdropper to infer the victim's activity, even when the traffic is protected by a VPN or an anonymity system like Tor. Leveraging a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Mohammad Saidur Rahman , Mohsen Imani , Nate Mathews , Matthew Wright

Website Fingerprinting (WF) aims to deanonymize users on the Tor network by analyzing encrypted network traffic. Recent deep-learning-based attacks show high accuracy on undefended traces. However, they struggle against modern defenses that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Jiajun Gong , Wei Cai , Siyuan Liang , Zhong Guan , Tao Wang , Ee-Chien Chang

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks are used by local passive attackers to determine the destination of encrypted internet traffic by comparing the sequences of packets sent to and received by the user to a previously recorded data set. As…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-23 James K Holland , Nicholas Hopper

Website Fingerprinting (WF) is an effective tool for regulating and governing the dark web. However, its performance can be significantly degraded by backdoor poisoning attacks in practical deployments. This paper aims to address the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yali Yuan , Kai Xu , Ruolin Ma , Yuchen Zhang

Tor provides low-latency anonymous and uncensored network access against a local or network adversary. Due to the design choice to minimize traffic overhead (and increase the pool of potential users) Tor allows some information about the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Shuai Li , Huajun Guo , Nicholas Hopper

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks, which covertly monitor user communications to identify the web pages they visit, pose a serious threat to user privacy. Existing WF defenses attempt to reduce attack accuracy by disrupting traffic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Siyuan Liang , Jiajun Gong , Tianmeng Fang , Aishan Liu , Tao Wang , Xiaochun Cao , Dacheng Tao , Ee-Chien Chang

Website fingerprinting enables a local eavesdropper to determine which websites a user is visiting over an encrypted connection. State-of-the-art website fingerprinting attacks have been shown to be effective even against Tor. Recently,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Payap Sirinam , Mohsen Imani , Marc Juarez , Matthew Wright

Tor, an onion-routing anonymity network, has been shown to be vulnerable to Website Fingerprinting (WF), which de-anonymizes web browsing by analyzing the unique characteristics of the encrypted network traffic. Although many defenses have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-25 Jiajun Gong , Wuqi Zhang , Charles Zhang , Tao Wang

Anonymity systems like Tor are vulnerable to Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks, where a local passive eavesdropper infers the victim's activity. Current WF attacks based on deep learning classifiers have successfully overcome numerous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Shawn Shan , Arjun Nitin Bhagoji , Haitao Zheng , Ben Y. Zhao

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks raise major concerns about users' privacy. They employ Machine Learning (ML) to allow a local passive adversary to uncover the Web browsing behavior of a user, even if she browses through an encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-08 Giovanni Cherubin

Several studies have shown that the network traffic that is generated by a visit to a website over Tor reveals information specific to the website through the timing and sizes of network packets. By capturing traffic traces between users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-06 Vera Rimmer , Davy Preuveneers , Marc Juarez , Tom Van Goethem , Wouter Joosen

Recent advances in learning Deep Neural Network (DNN) architectures have received a great deal of attention due to their ability to outperform state-of-the-art classifiers across a wide range of applications, with little or no feature…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Se Eun Oh , Saikrishna Sunkam , Nicholas Hopper

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks, usually conducted with the help of a machine learning-based classifier, enable a network eavesdropper to pinpoint which web page a user is accessing through the inspection of traffic patterns. These…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Alexander Veicht , Cedric Renggli , Diogo Barradas

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks aim to infer which websites a user is visiting by analyzing traffic patterns, thereby compromising user anonymity. Although this technique has been demonstrated to be effective in controlled experimental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yali Yuan , Weiyi Zou , Guang Cheng

Tor is a low-latency anonymous communication network that protects user privacy by encrypting website traffic. However, recent website fingerprinting (WF) attacks have shown that encrypted traffic can still leak users' visited websites by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuhao Pan , Wenchao Xu , Fushuo Huo , Haozhao Wang , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng
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