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Traffic analysis attacks to identify which web page a client is browsing, using only her packet metadata --- known as website fingerprinting --- has been proven effective in closed-world experiments against privacy technologies like Tor.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-16 Tao Wang

Website fingerprinting attacks, which use statistical analysis on network traffic to compromise user privacy, have been shown to be effective even if the traffic is sent over anonymity-preserving networks such as Tor. The classical attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Anatoly Shusterman , Lachlan Kang , Yarden Haskal , Yosef Meltser , Prateek Mittal , Yossi Oren , Yuval Yarom

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) has traditionally focused on inferring which website a user visits from encrypted traffic metadata such as packet sizes and timing. In this paper, we identify and quantify a new privacy risk in modern web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chuxu Song , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Browser fingerprinting often provides an attractive alternative to third-party cookies for tracking users across the web. In fact, the increasing restrictions on third-party cookies placed by common web browsers and recent regulations like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Meenatchi Sundaram Muthu Selva Annamalai , Igor Bilogrevic , Emiliano De Cristofaro

Browser fingerprinting is a relatively new method of uniquely identifying browsers that can be used to track web users. In some ways it is more privacy-threatening than tracking via cookies, as users have no direct control over it. A number…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah , Wanpeng Li , Chris J Mitchell

The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) brings about new security challenges at the intersection of cyber and physical spaces. One prime example is the vulnerability of Face Recognition (FR) based access control in IoT systems. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Shasha Li , Karim Khalil , Rameswar Panda , Chengyu Song , Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury , Ananthram Swami

While advertising has become commonplace in today's online interactions, there is a notable dearth of research investigating the extent to which browser fingerprinting is harnessed for user tracking and targeted advertising. Prior studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Zengrui Liu , Jimmy Dani , Yinzhi Cao , Shujiang Wu , Nitesh Saxena

In webpage fingerprinting, an on-path adversary infers the specific webpage loaded by a victim user by analysing the patterns in the encrypted TLS traffic exchanged between the user's browser and the website's servers. This work studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Vasilios Mavroudis , Jamie Hayes

We measure how effective Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) are at protecting users from website fingerprinting. Our measurements use both experimental and observational methods. Experimental methods allow control, precision, and use on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Amit Datta , Jianan Lu , Michael Carl Tschantz

Federated Learning (FL) is increasingly adopted as a decentralized machine learning paradigm due to its capability to preserve data privacy by training models without centralizing user data. However, FL is susceptible to indirect privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Md Nahid Hasan Shuvo , Moinul Hossain

Network protocol fingerprinting is used to identify a protocol implementation by analyzing its input-output behavior. Traditionally, fingerprinting operates under a closed-world assumption, where models of all implementations are assumed to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Loes Kruger , Paul Kobialka , Andrea Pferscher , Einar Broch Johnsen , Sebastian Junges , Jurriaan Rot

Flow correlation is the core technique used in a multitude of deanonymization attacks on Tor. Despite the importance of flow correlation attacks on Tor, existing flow correlation techniques are considered to be ineffective and unreliable in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Milad Nasr , Alireza Bahramali , Amir Houmansadr

Online anonymity and privacy has been based on confusing the adversary by creating indistinguishable network elements. Tor is the largest and most widely deployed anonymity system, designed against realistic modern adversaries. Recently,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-13 George Kadianakis , Theodoros Polyzos , Mike Perry , Kostas Chatzikokolakis

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks identify the websites visited by users by performing traffic analysis, compromising user privacy. Particularly, DL-based WF attacks demonstrate impressive attack performance. However, the effectiveness of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Xinhao Deng , Qi Li , Ke Xu

Tor is a widely used anonymity network that conceals user identities by routing traffic through encrypted relays, yet it remains vulnerable to traffic correlation attacks that deanonymize users by matching patterns in ingress and egress…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Binghui Wu , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Levente Csikor , Mohan Gurusamy

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks remain a significant threat to encrypted traffic, prompting the development of a wide range of defenses. Among these, two prominent classes are regularization-based defenses, which shape traffic using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Khashayar Khajavi , Tao Wang

Browser fingerprinting is a stateless tracking technique that attempts to combine information exposed by multiple different web APIs to create a unique identifier for tracking users across the web. Over the last decade, trackers have abused…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami , Umar Iqbal , Zubair Shafiq

Website fingerprinting attack is an extensively studied technique used in a web browser to analyze traffic patterns and thus infer confidential information about users. Several website fingerprinting attacks based on machine learning and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Guodong Huang , Chuan Ma , Ming Ding , Yuwen Qian , Chunpeng Ge , Liming Fang , Zhe Liu

Radio frequency fingerprint identification (RFFI) is becoming increasingly popular, especially in applications with constrained power, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Due to subtle manufacturing variations, wireless devices have…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-11 Lu Yang , Seyit Camtepe , Yansong Gao , Vicky Liu , Dhammika Jayalath

Digital fingerprints have brought great convenience and benefits to many online businesses. However, they pose a significant threat to the privacy and security of ordinary users. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Kaitong Lin , Huazhu Cao , Amin Milani Fard