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TOR (The Onion Router) network is a widely used open source anonymous communication tool, the abuse of TOR makes it difficult to monitor the proliferation of online crimes such as to access criminal websites. Most existing approches for TOR…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Haili Sun , Yan Huang , Lansheng Han , Xiang Long , Hongle Liu , Chunjie Zhou

This work introduces a novel data augmentation method for few-shot website fingerprinting (WF) attack where only a handful of training samples per website are available for deep learning model optimization. Moving beyond earlier WF methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Mantun Chen , Yongjun Wang , Zhiquan Qin , Xiatian Zhu

Website fingerprinting attack (WFA) aims to deanonymize the website a user is visiting through anonymous networks channels (e.g., Tor). Despite of remarkable progress in the past years, most existing methods make implicitly a couple of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Mantun Chen , Yongxin Chen , Yongjun Wang , Peidai Xie , Shaojing Fu , Xiatian Zhu

Website fingerprinting (WF) is a technique that allows an eavesdropper to determine the website a target user is accessing by inspecting the metadata associated with the packets she exchanges via some encrypted tunnel, e.g., Tor. Recent WF…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Michael Wrana , Uzma Maroof , Diogo Barradas

Browser fingerprinting is a pervasive online tracking technique used increasingly often for profiling and targeted advertising. Prior research on the prevalence of fingerprinting heavily relied on automated web crawls, which inherently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Meenatchi Sundaram Muthu Selva Annamalai , Igor Bilogrevic , Emiliano De Cristofaro

Website fingerprinting enables an eavesdropper to determine which websites a user is visiting over an encrypted connection. State-of-the-art website fingerprinting (WF) attacks have demonstrated effectiveness even against Tor-protected…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Xinhao Deng , Xiyuan Zhao , Qilei Yin , Zhuotao Liu , Qi Li , Mingwei Xu , Ke Xu , Jianping Wu

Website fingerprinting enables an attacker to infer which web page a client is browsing through encrypted or anonymized network connections. We present a new website fingerprinting technique based on random decision forests and evaluate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-02-22 Jamie Hayes , George Danezis

Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks can effectively identify the websites visited by Tor clients via analyzing encrypted traffic patterns. Existing attacks focus on identifying different websites, but their accuracy dramatically decreases…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Xiyuan Zhao , Xinhao Deng , Qi Li , Yunpeng Liu , Zhuotao Liu , Kun Sun , Ke Xu

In recent years, there have been several works that use website fingerprinting techniques to enable a local adversary to determine which website a Tor user visits. While the current state-of-the-art attack, which uses deep learning,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-25 Sanjit Bhat , David Lu , Albert Kwon , Srinivas Devadas

Browser fingerprinting is an invasive and opaque stateless tracking technique. Browser vendors, academics, and standards bodies have long struggled to provide meaningful protections against browser fingerprinting that are both accurate and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Umar Iqbal , Steven Englehardt , Zubair Shafiq

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) uses deep learning models to classify encrypted network traffic to infer visited websites. While historically effective, prior methods fail to generalize to modern web environments. Single-page applications…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Chuxu Song , Dheekshith Dev Manohar Mekala , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Parallel to our physical activities our virtual presence also leaves behind our unique digital fingerprints, while navigating on the Internet. These digital fingerprints have the potential to unveil users' activities encompassing browsing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Blerim Rexha , Arbena Musa , Kamer Vishi , Edlira Martiri

Cyber-physical systems have recently been used in several areas (such as connected and autonomous vehicles) due to their high maneuverability. On the other hand, they are susceptible to cyber-attacks. Radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-28 Omer Melih Gul , Michel Kulhandjian , Burak Kantarci , Claude D'Amours , Azzedine Touazi , Cliff Ellement

Website fingerprinting (WF) is a well-know threat to users' web privacy. New internet standards, such as QUIC, include padding to support defenses against WF. Previous work only analyzes the effectiveness of defenses when users are behind a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Sandra Siby , Ludovic Barman , Christopher Wood , Marwan Fayed , Nick Sullivan , Carmela Troncoso

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed devices while safeguarding data and user privacy. However, FL remains susceptible to privacy threats that can compromise data via direct means. That said,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Md Nahid Hasan Shuvo , Moinul Hossain , Anik Mallik , Jeffrey Twigg , Fikadu Dagefu

While anonymity networks like Tor aim to protect the privacy of their users, they are vulnerable to traffic analysis attacks such as Website Fingerprinting (WF) and Flow Correlation (FC). Recent implementations of WF and FC attacks, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-26 James K Holland , Jason Carpenter , Se Eun Oh , Nicholas Hopper

One of the most important obligations of privacy-enhancing technologies is to bring confidentiality and privacy to users' browsing activities on the Internet. The website fingerprinting attack enables a local passive eavesdropper to predict…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Amir Mahdi Sadeghzadeh , Behrad Tajali , Rasool Jalili

A passive local eavesdropper can leverage Website Fingerprinting (WF) to deanonymize the web browsing activity of Tor users. The value of timing information to WF has often been discounted in recent works due to the volatility of low-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Mohammad Saidur Rahman , Payap Sirinam , Nate Mathews , Kantha Girish Gangadhara , Matthew Wright

We introduce Network Augmentation (NetAug), a new training method for improving the performance of tiny neural networks. Existing regularization techniques (e.g., data augmentation, dropout) have shown much success on large neural networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Han Cai , Chuang Gan , Ji Lin , Song Han

Tor is an anonymity network used by millions of people every day to evade censorship and protect their browsing activity from privacy threats such as mass surveillance. Unfortunately, Tor has been shown to be vulnerable to website…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Ethan Witwer