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In quantum theory, particles in three spatial dimensions come in two different types: bosons or fermions, which exhibit sharply contrasting behaviours due to their different exchange statistics. Could more general forms of probabilistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-05 Oscar C. O. Dahlsten , Andrew J. P. Garner , Jayne Thompson , Mile Gu , Vlatko Vedral

Quantum mechanics broadly classifies the particles into two categories: $(1)$ fermions and $(2)$ bosons. Fermions are half-integer spin particles, obeying Pauli's exclusion principle and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Whereas bosons are integer…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-09-03 Nupoor Thakur , Navinder Singh

Quantum systems invariant under particle exchange are either Bosons or Fermions, even though quantum theory in principle admits more general behavior under permutations. But why do we not observe such "paraparticles" in nature? The analysis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Manuel Mekonnen , Thomas D. Galley , Markus P. Mueller

In contrast to classical physics, quantum mechanics divides particles into two classes-bosons and fermions-whose exchange statistics dictate the dynamics of systems at a fundamental level. In two dimensions quasi-particles known as 'anyons'…

Quantum matter in three spatial dimensions is observed to consist exclusively of bosons and fermions. Whether this empirical fact follows from basic consistency requirements of quantum theory itself or must be imposed as an additional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-29 Chi-Chun Zhou , Shuai A. Chen , Yu-Zhu Chen , Yao Shen , Fu-Lin Zhang , Wu-Sheng Dai

Identical quantum particles exhibit only two types of statistics: bosonic and fermionic. Theoretically, this restriction is commonly established through the symmetrization postulate or (anti)commutation constraints imposed on the algebra of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-17 Nicolás Medina Sánchez , Borivoje Dakić

In this paper I present the state of the art concerning the theoretical detectability (and the open challenges for the experimental detectability) of a special class of paraparticles beyond bosons and fermions. The particles under…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Francesco Toppan

We made in this paper a brief analysis of the following statistics: Intermediate Statistics, Parastatistics, Fractionary Statistics and Gentileonic Statistics that predict the existence of particles which are different from bosons, fermions…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-03-30 M. Cattani , J. M. F. Bassalo

We evaluate the degree of quantum correlation between two fermions (bosons) subject to continuous time quantum walks in a one-dimensional ring lattice with periodic boundary conditions. In our approach, no particle-particle interaction is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-04-17 Claudia Benedetti , Fabrizio Buscemi , Paolo Bordone

A fundamental pillar of quantum mechanics concerns indistinguishable quantum particles. In three dimensions they may be classified into fermions or bosons, having, respectively, antisymmetric or symmetric wave functions under particle…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-02-04 Simone Barbarino , Rosario Fazio , Vlatko Vedral , Yuval Gefen

Quantum mechanical particles in a confining potential interfere with each other while undergoing thermodynamic processes far from thermal equilibrium. By evaluating the corresponding transition probabilities between many-particle…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-12-16 Zongping Gong , Sebastian Deffner , H. T. Quan

Quantum statistics have a profound impact on the properties of systems composed of identical particles. In this Letter, we demonstrate that the quantum statistics of a pair of identical massive particles can be probed by a direct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-23 C. F. Roos , A. Alberti , D. Meschede , P. Hauke , H. Häffner

One of the most unconventional features of topological phases of matter is the emergence of quasiparticles with exotic statistics, such as non-Abelian anyons in two dimensional systems. Recently, a different type of exotic particle…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Zhiyuan Wang

I consider general interacting systems of quantum particles in one spatial dimension. These consist of bosons or fermions, which can have any number of components, arbitrary spin or a combination thereof, featuring low-energy two- and…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2020-11-09 Manuel Valiente

The quantum-mechanical description of assemblies of particles whose motion is confined to two (or one) spatial dimensions offers many possibilities that are distinct from bosons and fermions. We call such particles anyons. The simplest…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-11-22 Martin Greiter , Frank Wilczek

Paraparticles beyond bosons and fermions can be exchanged via either the braid group (anyons, existing up to $D=2$ space dimensions) or the permutation group; in the latter case the space dimensions are not limited. Besides being predicted,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Francesco Toppan

This paper proposes groove-like potential structures for the observation of quantum information processing by trapped particles. As an illustration the effect of quantum statistics at a 50-50 beam splitter is investigated. For…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Erika Andersson , Marcia T. Fontenelle , Stig Stenholm

The behavior of a collection of identical particles is intimately linked to the symmetries of their wavefunction under particle exchange. Topological anyons, arising as quasiparticles in low-dimensional systems, interpolate between bosons…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Joe Dunlop , Álvaro Tejero , Michalis Skotiniotis , Daniel Manzano

In this article, we discuss the identity and indistinguishability of quantum systems and the consequent need to introduce an extra postulate in Quantum Mechanics to correctly describe situations involving indistinguishable particles. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Y. Omar

The exclusion statistics of quasiparticles is found at any level of the hierarchy of condensed states of composite fermion excitations (for which experimental indications have recently been found). The hierarchy of condensed states of…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Piotr Sitko
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