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Let $H: V(G) \rightarrow 2^{\mathbb{N}}$ be a set mapping for a graph $G$. Given a spanning subgraph $F$ of $G$, $F$ is called a {\it general factor} or an $H$-{\it factor} of $G$ if $d_{F}(x)\in H(x)$ for every vertex $x\in V(G)$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-04-28 Hongliang Lu , Qinglin Yu

In this paper, factorizations of the complete symmetric digraph $K_v^*$ into uniform factors consisting of directed even cycle factors are studied as a generalization of the undirected Hamilton-Waterloo Problem. It is shown, with a few…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Fatih Yetgin , Uğur Odabaşı , Sibel Özkan

The Oberwolfach Problem $OP(F)$ -- posed by Gerhard Ringel in 1967 -- is a paradigmatic Combinatorial Design problem asking whether the complete graph $K_v$ decomposes into edge-disjoint copies of a $2$-regular graph $F$ of order $v$. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-17 Fabio Salassa , Gabriele Dragotto , Tommaso Traetta , Marco Buratti , Federico Della Croce

The uniform Hamilton-Waterloo Problem (HWP) asks for a resolvable $(C_M, C_N)$-decomposition of $K_v$ into $\alpha$ $C_M$-factors and $\beta$ $C_N$-factors. We denote a solution to the uniform Hamilton Hamilton-Waterloo problem by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-16 Zazil Santizo Huerta , Melissa Keranen

For a graph (undirected, directed, or mixed), a cycle-factor is a collection of vertex-disjoint cycles covering the entire vertex set. Cycle-factors subject to parity constraints arise naturally in the study of structural graph theory and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Florian Hörsch , Csaba Király , Mirabel Mendoza-Cadena , Gyula Pap , Eszter Szabó , Yutaro Yamaguchi

The graph isomorphism problem looks deceptively simple, but although polynomial-time algorithms exist for certain types of graphs such as planar graphs and graphs with bounded degree or eigenvalue multiplicity, its complexity class is still…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Stefan Klus , Patrick Gelß

A spanning subgraph of a graph G is called a [0,2]-factor of G, if for . is a union of some disjoint cycles, paths and isolate vertices, that span the graph G. It is easy to get a [0,2]-factor of G and there would be many of [0,2]-factors…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-11-03 Yingtai Xie

We consider the isomorphism problem for hypergraphs taking as input two hypergraphs over the same set of vertices $V$ and a permutation group $\Gamma$ over domain $V$, and asking whether there is a permutation $\gamma \in \Gamma$ that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Daniel Neuen

A graph $G$ is called \emph{claw-o-heavy} if every induced claw ($K_{1,3}$) of $G$ has two end-vertices with degree sum at least $|V(G)|$ in $G$. For a given graph $R$, $G$ is called \emph{$R$-f-heavy} if for every induced subgraph $H$ of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-06-27 Bo Ning , Shenggui Zhang , Binlong Li

We address the last outstanding case of the directed Oberwolfach problem with two tables of different lengths. Specifically, we show that the complete symmetric directed graph $K^*_n$ admits a decomposition into spanning subdigraphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-21 Daniel Horsley , Alice Lacaze-Masmonteil

It is unknown whether two graphs can be tested for isomorphism in polynomial time. A classical approach to the Graph Isomorphism Problem is the d-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman algorithm. The d-dimensional WL-algorithm can distinguish many…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-12-10 Harm Derksen

R. Wang (Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 19(3), 2017) proposed the following problem. \textbf{Problem.} Let $D$ be a strongly connected balanced bipartite directed graph of order $2a\geq 8$. Suppose that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-07-13 Samvel Kh. Darbinyan , Iskandar A. Karapetyan

The Hamilton-Waterloo problem is a problem of graph factorization. The Hamilton-Waterloo problem HWP$(H;m,n;\alpha,\beta)$ asks for a $2$-factorization of $H$ containing $\alpha$ $C_m$-factors and $\beta$ $C_n$-factors. In this paper, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-25 L. Wang , H. Cao

We focus on the algorithm underlying the main result of [A. Mestre, R. Oeckl, Generating loop graphs via Hopf algebra in quantum field theory. J. Math. Phys., 47, 122302, 2006]. This is an algebraic formula to generate all connected graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-03-14 Angela Mestre

Functional graphs (FGs) model the graph structures used to analyse the behaviour of functions from a discrete set to itself. In turn, such functions are used to study real complex phenomena evolving in time. As the systems involved can be…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-04-05 François Doré , Enrico Formenti , Antonio E. Porreca , Sara Riva

Motivated to find the answers to some of the questions that have occurred in recent papers dealing with Hamiltonian cycles (abbreviated HCs) in some special classes of grid graphs we started the investigation of spanning unions of cycles,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-10 Jelena Djokić , Olga Bodroža-Pantić , Ksenija Doroslovački

The monography considers the problem of constructing a Hamiltonian cycle in a complete graph. A rule for constructing a Hamiltonian cycle based on isometric cycles of a graph is established. An algorithm for constructing a Hamiltonian cycle…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-19 Sergey Kurapov , Maxim Davidovsky , Svetlana Polyuga

The Hamilton-Waterloo problem asks for a 2-factorization of $K_v$ (for $v$ odd) or $K_v$ minus a $1$-factor (for $v$ even) into $C_m$-factors and $C_n$-factors. We completely solve the Hamilton-Waterloo problem in the case of $C_3$-factors…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-10-10 Li Wang , Fen Chen , Haitao Cao

We devise constant-factor approximation algorithms for finding as many disjoint cycles as possible from a certain family of cycles in a given planar or bounded-genus graph. Here disjoint can mean vertex-disjoint or edge-disjoint, and the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-06 Niklas Schlomberg , Hanjo Thiele , Jens Vygen

A 2-factor of a graph is a 2-regular spanning subgraph. For a graph $G$ and an independent set $I$ of $G$, let $\delta_G(I)$ denote the minimum degree of vertices contained in $I$. We show that (1) if every independent set $I$ of $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Masaki Kashima