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Testing is essential for verifying and validating control designs, especially in safety-critical applications. In particular, the control system governing an automated driving vehicle must be proven reliable enough for its acceptance on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-11 Mengjia Zhu , Alberto Bemporad , Maximilian Kneissl , Hasan Esen

Virtual scenario-based testing methods to validate autonomous driving systems are predominantly centred around collision avoidance, and lack a comprehensive approach to evaluate optimal driving behaviour holistically. Furthermore, current…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Kethan Reddy , Elias Nassif , Panagiotis Angeloudis , Mohammed Quddus , Washington Ochieng

Game-based interactive driving simulations have emerged as versatile platforms for advancing decision-making algorithms in road transport mobility. While these environments offer safe, scalable, and engaging settings for testing driving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhihao Lin , Zhen Tian

A major challenge in the safety assessment of automated vehicles is to ensure that risk for all traffic participants is as low as possible. A concept that is becoming increasingly popular for testing in automated driving is scenario-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Maximilian Zipfl , Barbara Schütt , J. Marius Zöllner , Eric Sax

Categorizing driving scenes via visual perception is a key technology for safe driving and the downstream tasks of autonomous vehicles. Traditional methods infer scene category by detecting scene-related objects or using a classifier that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Shaochi Hu , Hanwei Fan , Biao Gao , XijunZhao , Huijing Zhao

The introduction of automated vehicles demands a way to prove their safe operation. However, validating the safety of automated vehicles is still an unsolved problem. While the scenario-based test approach seems to provide a possible…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-05-23 Markus Steimle , Till Menzel , Markus Maurer

Simulation-based testing of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has become an essential complement to road testing to ensure safety. Consequently, substantial research has focused on searching for failure scenarios in simulation. However, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Edward Kim , Jay Shenoy , Sebastian Junges , Daniel Fremont , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Sanjit Seshia

Scenario-based testing is becoming increasingly important in safety assurance for automated driving. However, comprehensive and sufficiently complete coverage of the scenario space requires significant effort and resources if using only…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Christoph Glasmacher , Michael Schuldes , Hendrik Weber , Nicolas Wagener , Lutz Eckstein

A scenario-based testing approach can reduce the time required to obtain statistically significant evidence of the safety of Automated Driving Systems (ADS). Identifying these scenarios in an automated manner is a challenging task. Most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Tobias Hoek , Holger Caesar , Andreas Falkovén , Tommy Johansson

Autonomous vehicles have the potential to lower the accident rate when compared to human driving. Moreover, it is the driving force of the automated vehicles' rapid development over the last few years. In the higher Society of Automotive…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Dhanoop Karunakaran , Julie Stephany Berrio , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Scenario-based testing of automated driving functions has become a promising method to reduce time and cost compared to real-world testing. In scenario-based testing automated functions are evaluated in a set of pre-defined scenarios. These…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Christoph Glasmacher , Michael Schuldes , Sleiman El Masri , Lutz Eckstein

Behavior prediction remains one of the most challenging tasks in the autonomous vehicle (AV) software stack. Forecasting the future trajectories of nearby agents plays a critical role in ensuring road safety, as it equips AVs with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Francis Indaheng , Edward Kim , Kesav Viswanadha , Jay Shenoy , Jinkyu Kim , Daniel J. Fremont , Sanjit A. Seshia

The rapidly evolving field of autonomous driving systems (ADSs) is full of promise. However, in order to fulfil these promises, ADSs need to be safe in all circumstances. This paper introduces ISS-Scenario, an autonomous driving testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Renjue Li , Tianhang Qin , Cas Widdershoven

Developing autonomous driving systems for complex traffic environments requires balancing multiple objectives, such as avoiding collisions, obeying traffic rules, and making efficient progress. In many situations, these objectives cannot be…

The increasing automation of vehicles is resulting in the integration of more extensive in-vehicle sensor systems, electronic control units, and software. Additionally, vehicle-to-everything communication is seen as an opportunity to extend…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Laurenz Adolph , barbara Schütt , David Kraus , Eric Sax

Simulation-based testing has become a standard approach to validating autonomous driving agents prior to real-world deployment. A high-quality validation campaign will exercise an agent in diverse contexts comprised of varying static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Joy Saha , Trey Woodlief , Sebastian Elbaum , Matthew B. Dwyer

Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) have the potential to make mobility services available and safe for all. A multi-pillar Safety Assessment Framework (SAF) has been proposed for the type-approval process of ADSs. The SAF requires that the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Erwin de Gelder , Maren Buermann , Olaf Op den Camp

Ensuring the safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADS) remains a critical challenge, as traditional verification methods such as large-scale on-road testing are prohibitively costly and time-consuming.To address…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ji Zhou , Yongqi Zhao , Yixian Hu , Hexuan Li , Zhengguo Gu , Nan Xu , Arno Eichberger

Unfortunately, many people die in car accidents. To reduce these accidents, cars are equipped with driving safety systems. With autonomous vehicles, the driver's behavior becomes irrelevant as the car drives autonomously. All autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Nico Schick

Autonomous driving systems have witnessed a significant development during the past years thanks to the advance in machine learning-enabled sensing and decision-making algorithms. One critical challenge for their massive deployment in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wenhao Ding , Chejian Xu , Mansur Arief , Haohong Lin , Bo Li , Ding Zhao