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Integrated Gradients (IG) is a common explainability technique to address the black-box problem of neural networks. Integrated gradients assumes continuous data. Graphs are discrete structures making IG ill-suited to graphs. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Lachlan Simpson , Kyle Millar , Adriel Cheng , Cheng-Chew Lim , Hong Gunn Chew

Motivated by applications arising from sensor networks and machine learning, we consider the problem of minimizing a finite sum of nondifferentiable convex functions where each component function is associated with an agent and a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-22 Harshal D. Kaushik , Farzad Yousefian

Feature attributions are post-training analysis methods that assess how various input features of a machine learning model contribute to an output prediction. Their interpretation is straightforward when features act independently, but it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Kurt Butler , Guanchao Feng , Petar Djuric

Large-scale IoT weather sensing networks require incentive mechanisms to sustain participation, yet determining how much value individual data contributions bring to the network remains an open problem. Existing approaches address data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mark C. Ballandies , Michael T. C. Chiu , Claudio J. Tessone

We study the problem of attributing the prediction of a deep network to its input features, a problem previously studied by several other works. We identify two fundamental axioms---Sensitivity and Implementation Invariance that attribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Mukund Sundararajan , Ankur Taly , Qiqi Yan

Efficient deployment of deep neural networks on resource-constrained devices demands advanced compression techniques that preserve accuracy and interoperability. This paper proposes a machine learning framework that augments Knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 David E. Hernandez , Jose Ramon Chang , Torbjörn E. M. Nordling

Understanding the internal mechanisms of transformer-based language models remains challenging. Mechanistic interpretability based on circuit discovery aims to reverse engineer neural networks by analyzing their internal processes at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Lin Zhang , Wenshuo Dong , Zhuoran Zhang , Shu Yang , Lijie Hu , Ninghao Liu , Pan Zhou , Di Wang

Elliptically-contoured distributions (ECD) play a significant role, in computer vision, image processing, radar, and biomedical signal processing. Maximum likelihood. estimation (MLE) of ECD leads to a system of non-linear equations,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-06 Jialun Zhou , Salem Said , Yannick Berthoumieu

Interpretability is essential in Whole Slide Image (WSI) analysis for computational pathology, where understanding model predictions helps build trust in AI-assisted diagnostics. While Integrated Gradients (IG) and related attribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Anh Mai Vu , Tuan L. Vo , Ngoc Lam Quang Bui , Nam Nguyen Le Binh , Akash Awasthi , Huy Quoc Vo , Thanh-Huy Nguyen , Zhu Han , Chandra Mohan , Hien Van Nguyen

Implicit models, which allow for the generation of samples but not for point-wise evaluation of probabilities, are omnipresent in real-world problems tackled by machine learning and a hot topic of current research. Some examples include…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-04-27 Yingzhen Li , Richard E. Turner

Gradient-based attribution methods can aid in the understanding of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, the redundancy of attribution features and the gradient saturation problem, which weaken the ability to identify significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-13 An Zhang , Xiang Wang , Chengfang Fang , Jie Shi , Tat-seng Chua , Zehua Chen

In this paper, a gradient-free distributed algorithm is introduced to solve a set constrained optimization problem under a directed communication network. Specifically, at each time-step, the agents locally compute a so-called…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-06 Yipeng Pang , Guoqiang Hu

Model compression is critical for deploying deep learning models on resource-constrained devices. We introduce a novel method enhancing knowledge distillation with integrated gradients (IG) as a data augmentation strategy. Our approach…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 David E. Hernandez , Jose Chang , Torbjörn E. M. Nordling

Current methods for the interpretability of discriminative deep neural networks commonly rely on the model's input-gradients, i.e., the gradients of the output logits w.r.t. the inputs. The common assumption is that these input-gradients…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Suraj Srinivas , Francois Fleuret

There has been a surge in Explainable-AI (XAI) methods that provide insights into the workings of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models. Integrated Gradients (IG) is a popular XAI algorithm that attributes relevance scores to input features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Ashwin Bhat , Arijit Raychowdhury

Feature attribution methods, or saliency maps, are one of the most popular approaches for explaining the decisions of complex machine learning models such as deep neural networks. In this study, we propose a stochastic optimization approach…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-17 Kouichi Ikeno , Satoshi Hara

Interpretability methods for deep neural networks mainly focus on the sensitivity of the class score with respect to the original or perturbed input, usually measured using actual or modified gradients. Some methods also use a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Md Mahfuzur Rahman , Noah Lewis , Sergey Plis

Most stochastic optimization methods use gradients once before discarding them. While variance reduction methods have shown that reusing past gradients can be beneficial when there is a finite number of datapoints, they do not easily extend…

Image attribution analysis seeks to highlight the feature representations learned by visual models such that the highlighted feature maps can reflect the pixel-wise importance of inputs. Gradient integration is a building block in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Róisín Luo , James McDermott , Colm O'Riordan

The Average Gradient Outer Product (AGOP) governs feature learning in neural networks: the Neural Feature Ansatz states that weight Gram matrices at each layer align with the corresponding AGOP matrices computed over the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Raj Kiran Gupta Katakam