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Out-of-Distribution detection between dataset pairs has been extensively explored with generative models. We show that likelihood-based Out-of-Distribution detection can be extended to diffusion models by leveraging the fact that they, like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Joseph Goodier , Neill D. F. Campbell

Modern neural networks are very powerful predictive models, but they are often incapable of recognizing when their predictions may be wrong. Closely related to this is the task of out-of-distribution detection, where a network must…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-15 Terrance DeVries , Graham W. Taylor

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

A serious problem in image classification is that a trained model might perform well for input data that originates from the same distribution as the data available for model training, but performs much worse for out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Rajat Koner , Poulami Sinhamahapatra , Karsten Roscher , Stephan Günnemann , Volker Tresp

In this work, we propose CODE, an extension of existing work from the field of explainable AI that identifies class-specific recurring patterns to build a robust Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection method for visual classifiers. CODE does…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Romain Xu-Darme , Julien Girard-Satabin , Darryl Hond , Gabriele Incorvaia , Zakaria Chihani

In some scenarios, classifier requires detecting out-of-distribution samples far from its training data. With desirable characteristics, reconstruction autoencoder-based methods deal with this problem by using input reconstruction error as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Yibo Zhou

Unsupervised out-of-distribution detection (OOD) seeks to identify out-of-domain data by learning only from unlabeled in-domain data. We present a novel approach for this task - Lift, Map, Detect (LMD) - that leverages recent advancement in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Zhenzhen Liu , Jin Peng Zhou , Yufan Wang , Kilian Q. Weinberger

Out-of-distribution detection is one of the most critical issue in the deployment of machine learning. The data analyst must assure that data in operation should be compliant with the training phase as well as understand if the environment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Giacomo De Bernardi , Sara Narteni , Enrico Cambiaso , Maurizio Mongelli

Reliable detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is increasingly understood to be a precondition for deployment of machine learning systems. This paper proposes and investigates the use of contrastive training to boost OOD detection…

In this work, we train a network to simultaneously perform segmentation and pixel-wise Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection, such that the segmentation of unknown regions of scenes can be rejected. This is made possible by leveraging an OoD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-02 David Williams , Matthew Gadd , Daniele De Martini , Paul Newman

In monocular depth estimation, uncertainty estimation approaches mainly target the data uncertainty introduced by image noise. In contrast to prior work, we address the uncertainty due to lack of knowledge, which is relevant for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Julia Hornauer , Adrian Holzbock , Vasileios Belagiannis

Detecting Out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs have been a critical issue for neural networks in the open world. However, the unstable behavior of OOD detection along the optimization trajectory during training has not been explored clearly. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Zhen Cheng , Fei Zhu , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

\noindent Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of machine learning models. Extensive work has focused on devising various scoring functions for detecting OOD samples, while only a few studies focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yifan Ding , Xixi Liu , Jonas Unger , Gabriel Eilertsen

The effective application of neural networks in the real-world relies on proficiently detecting out-of-distribution examples. Contemporary methods seek to model the distribution of feature activations in the training data for adequately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Ev Zisselman , Aviv Tamar

We present a systematic benchmark of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection CSFs through a representation-centric lens. Our study spans CNN and ViT backbones, multiple training paradigms, four image-classification source datasets (CIFAR-10,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Claudio César Claros Olivares , Austin J. Brockmeier

Standard classification theory assumes that the distribution of images in the test and training sets are identical. Unfortunately, real-life scenarios typically feature unseen data (``out-of-distribution data") which is different from data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Gianluca Barone , Aashrit Cunchala , Rudy Nunez

Normalizing flows are prominent deep generative models that provide tractable probability distributions and efficient density estimation. However, they are well known to fail while detecting Out-of-Distribution (OOD) inputs as they directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Nishant Kumar , Pia Hanfeld , Michael Hecht , Michael Bussmann , Stefan Gumhold , Nico Hoffmann

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical capability for ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in open-world environments, where unexpected or anomalous inputs can compromise model reliability and performance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Weijun Gao , Rundong He , Jinyang Dong , Yongshun Gong

Out-of-distribution (OoD) detection is a natural downstream task for deep generative models, due to their ability to learn the input probability distribution. There are mainly two classes of approaches for OoD detection using deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Yujia Huang , Sihui Dai , Tan Nguyen , Richard G. Baraniuk , Anima Anandkumar

The ability to detect unfamiliar or unexpected images is essential for safe deployment of computer vision systems. In the context of classification, the task of detecting images outside of a model's training domain is known as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund