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Translation Quality Evaluation (TQE) is an essential step of the modern translation production process. TQE is critical in assessing both machine translation (MT) and human translation (HT) quality without reference translations. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Serge Gladkoff , Lifeng Han , Gleb Erofeev , Irina Sorokina , Goran Nenadic

Recent advances in statistical machine translation via the adoption of neural sequence-to-sequence models empower the end-to-end system to achieve state-of-the-art in many WMT benchmarks. The performance of such machine translation (MT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Kai Fan , Jiayi Wang , Bo Li , Fengming Zhou , Boxing Chen , Luo Si

This paper investigates the reference-less evaluation of machine translation for low-resource language pairs, known as quality estimation (QE). Segment-level QE is a challenging cross-lingual language understanding task that provides a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Archchana Sindhujan , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orasan , Shenbin Qian

Providing quality scores along with Machine Translation (MT) output, so-called reference-free Quality Estimation (QE), is crucial to inform users about the reliability of the translation. We propose a model-specific, unsupervised QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Tu Anh Dinh , Tobias Palzer , Jan Niehues

Recent Quality Estimation (QE) models based on multilingual pre-trained representations have achieved very competitive results when predicting the overall quality of translated sentences. Predicting translation errors, i.e. detecting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Marina Fomicheva , Lucia Specia , Nikolaos Aletras

This preliminary study investigates the usefulness of sentence-level Quality Estimation (QE) in English-Chinese Machine Translation Post-Editing (MTPE), focusing on its impact on post-editing speed and student translators' perceptions. It…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Siqi Liu , Guangrong Dai , Dechao Li

Recent years have seen big advances in the field of sentence-level quality estimation (QE), largely as a result of using neural-based architectures. However, the majority of these methods work only on the language pair they are trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Tharindu Ranasinghe , Constantin Orasan , Ruslan Mitkov

Quality Estimation (QE) aims to assess the quality of machine translation (MT) outputs without relying on reference translations, making it essential for real-world, large-scale MT evaluation. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Archchana Sindhujan , Girish A. Koushik , Shenbin Qian , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orăsan

Insufficient modeling of human preferences within the reward model is a major obstacle for leveraging human feedback to improve translation quality. Fortunately, quality estimation (QE), which predicts the quality of a given translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Zhiwei He , Xing Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Gender bias in machine translation (MT) systems has been extensively documented, but bias in automatic quality estimation (QE) metrics remains comparatively underexplored. Existing studies suggest that QE metrics can also exhibit gender…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Giorgos Filandrianos , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis , Wafaa Mohammed , Giuseppe Attanasio , Chrysoula Zerva

Current state-of-the-art Quality Estimation (QE) in machine translation relies on massive, proprietary LLMs, raising data privacy concerns. We demonstrate that smaller, open-source LLMs (<30B parameters) are a viable, cost-effective and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Kamil Guttmann , Zofia Fraś , Artur Nowakowski , Krzysztof Jassem

This paper describes our submission to the shared task on word/phrase level Quality Estimation (QE) in the First Conference on Statistical Machine Translation (WMT16). The objective of the shared task was to predict if the given word/phrase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Raj Nath Patel , Sasikumar M

From both human translators (HT) and machine translation (MT) researchers' point of view, translation quality evaluation (TQE) is an essential task. Translation service providers (TSPs) have to deliver large volumes of translations which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Serge Gladkoff , Irina Sorokina , Lifeng Han , Alexandra Alekseeva

Quality Estimation (QE), the evaluation of machine translation output without the need of explicit references, has seen big improvements in the last years with the use of neural metrics. In this paper we analyze the viability of using QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Jan-Thorsten Peter , David Vilar , Daniel Deutsch , Mara Finkelstein , Juraj Juraska , Markus Freitag

Several neural-based metrics have been recently proposed to evaluate machine translation quality. However, all of them resort to point estimates, which provide limited information at segment level. This is made worse as they are trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Taisiya Glushkova , Chrysoula Zerva , Ricardo Rei , André F. T. Martins

Quality estimation aims to measure the quality of translated content without access to a reference translation. This is crucial for machine translation systems in real-world scenarios where high-quality translation is needed. While many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yi-Lin Tuan , Ahmed El-Kishky , Adithya Renduchintala , Vishrav Chaudhary , Francisco Guzmán , Lucia Specia

Quality Estimation (QE) is the task of evaluating the quality of a translation when reference translation is not available. The goal of QE aligns with the task of corpus filtering, where we assign the quality score to the sentence pairs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Akshay Batheja , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Pronoun translation is a longstanding challenge in neural machine translation (NMT), often requiring inter-sentential context to ensure linguistic accuracy. To address this, we introduce ProNMT, a novel framework designed to enhance pronoun…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Harshit Dhankhar , Baban Gain , Asif Ekbal , Yogesh Mani Tripathi

Quality estimation (QE) plays a crucial role in machine translation (MT) workflows, as it serves to evaluate generated outputs that have no reference translations and to determine whether human post-editing or full retranslation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Assaf Siani , Anna Kernerman , Ilan Kernerman

Quality Estimation (QE) aims to assess machine translation quality without reference translations, but recent studies have shown that existing QE models exhibit systematic gender bias. In particular, they tend to favor masculine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Jinhee Jang , Juhwan Choi , Dongjin Lee , Seunguk Yu , Youngbin Kim