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We first show that the commonly used dimensionality reduction (DR) methods such as t-SNE and LargeVis poorly capture the global structure of the data in the low dimensional embedding. We show this via a number of tests for the DR methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-05 Ehsan Amid , Manfred K. Warmuth

Alternating minimization methods have recently been proposed as alternatives to the gradient descent for deep neural network optimization. Alternating minimization methods can typically decompose a deep neural network into layerwise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Junxiang Wang , Zheng Chai , Yue Cheng , Liang Zhao

Network embedding is a very important method for network data. However, most of the algorithms can only deal with static networks. In this paper, we propose an algorithm Recurrent Neural Network Embedding (RNNE) to deal with dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Haiwei Huang , Jinlong Li , Huimin He , Huanhuan Chen

t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for the visualization of multidimensional data has proven to be a popular approach, with successful applications in a wide range of domains. Despite their usefulness, t-SNE projections can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Angelos Chatzimparmpas , Rafael M. Martins , Andreas Kerren

We propose a new dimensionality reduction toolkit designed to address some of the challenges faced by traditional methods like UMAP and tSNE such as loss of global structure and computational efficiency. Built on the JAX framework, DiRe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Alexander Kolpakov , Igor Rivin

Data visualisation helps understanding data represented by multiple variables, also called features, stored in a large matrix where individuals are stored in lines and variable values in columns. These data structures are frequently called…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Haseeb Younis , Paul Trust , Rosane Minghim

Nonlinear dimensional reduction with the manifold assumption, often called manifold learning, has proven its usefulness in a wide range of high-dimensional data analysis. The significant impact of t-SNE and UMAP has catalyzed intense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jungeum Kim , Xiao Wang

The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) algorithm is a ubiquitously employed dimensionality reduction (DR) method. Its non-parametric nature and impressive efficacy motivated its parametric extension. It is however bounded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Francesco Crecchi , Cyril de Bodt , Michel Verleysen , John A. Lee , Davide Bacciu

High-dimensional imaging is becoming increasingly relevant in many fields from astronomy and cultural heritage to systems biology. Visual exploration of such high-dimensional data is commonly facilitated by dimensionality reduction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Alexander Vieth , Anna Vilanova , Boudewijn Lelieveldt , Elmar Eisemann , Thomas Höllt

This paper presents a kernelized version of the t-SNE algorithm, capable of mapping high-dimensional data to a low-dimensional space while preserving the pairwise distances between the data points in a non-Euclidean metric. This can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Denis C. Ilie-Ablachim , Bogdan Dumitrescu , Cristian Rusu

Spectral Embedding (SE) is a popular method for dimensionality reduction, applicable across diverse domains. Nevertheless, its current implementations face three prominent drawbacks which curtail its broader applicability: generalizability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Nir Ben-Ari , Amitai Yacobi , Uri Shaham

Single-cell sequencing is revolutionizing biology by enabling detailed investigations of cell-state transitions. Many biological processes unfold along continuous trajectories, yet it remains challenging to extract smooth, low-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-30 Rong Ma , Xi Li , Jingyuan Hu , Bin Yu

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) methods minimize the divergence between the similarity matrix of a high-dimensional data set and its counterpart from a low-dimensional embedding, leading to widely applied tools for data visualization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Yao Lu , Jukka Corander , Zhirong Yang

Non-linear dimensionality reduction can be performed by \textit{manifold learning} approaches, such as Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (SNE), Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) and Isometric Feature Mapping (ISOMAP). These methods aim to produce…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-09 Theodoulos Rodosthenous , Vahid Shahrezaei , Marina Evangelou

The rapid adoption of generative AI has driven an explosion in the size of datasets consumed and produced by AI models. Traditional methods for unstructured data visualization, such as t-SNE and UMAP, have not kept up with the pace of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Brandon Duderstadt , Zach Nussbaum , Laurens van der Maaten

With the proliferation of Graph Neural Network (GNN) methods stemming from contrastive learning, unsupervised node representation learning for graph data is rapidly gaining traction across various fields, from biology to molecular dynamics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Jihee You , So Won Jeong , Claire Donnat

High-dimensional data, characterized by many features, can be difficult to visualize effectively. Dimensionality reduction techniques, such as PCA, UMAP, and t-SNE, address this challenge by projecting the data into a lower-dimensional…

A fundamental task in machine learning involves visualizing high-dimensional data sets that arise in high-impact application domains. When considering the context of large imbalanced data, this problem becomes much more challenging. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Parisa Hajibabaee , Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili

Dimensionality reduction and manifold learning methods such as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) are routinely used to map high-dimensional data into a 2-dimensional space to visualize and explore the data. However, two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Bo Kang , Darío García García , Jefrey Lijffijt , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez , Tijl De Bie

Two-dimensional data maps can visually reveal information about the relations between data instances. Popular techniques to construct data maps are t-SNE and UMAP. The resulting point-based visualizations, though, provide information only…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Primož Godec , Nikola Ðukić , Ajda Pretnar , Vesna Tanko , Lan Žagar , Blaž Zupan