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TSNE and UMAP are two of the most popular dimensionality reduction algorithms due to their speed and interpretable low-dimensional embeddings. However, while attempts have been made to improve on TSNE's computational complexity, no existing…

Neighbor embedding methods $t$-SNE and UMAP are the de facto standard for visualizing high-dimensional datasets. Motivated from entirely different viewpoints, their loss functions appear to be unrelated. In practice, they yield strongly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sebastian Damrich , Jan Niklas Böhm , Fred A. Hamprecht , Dmitry Kobak

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE and UMAP are popular methods for visualizing data with a potential (latent) clustered structure. They are known to group data points at the same time as they embed them, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Elizabeth Coda , Ery Arias-Castro , Gal Mishne

Low-dimensional embeddings and visualizations are an indispensable tool for analysis of high-dimensional data. State-of-the-art methods, such as tSNE and UMAP, excel in unveiling local structures hidden in high-dimensional data and are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jonas Fischer , Rebekka Burkholz , Jilles Vreeken

UMAP (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection) is a novel manifold learning technique for dimension reduction. UMAP is constructed from a theoretical framework based in Riemannian geometry and algebraic topology. The result is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-21 Leland McInnes , John Healy , James Melville

Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) is a widely used manifold learning technique for dimensionality reduction. This paper studies UMAP, supervised UMAP, and several competing dimensionality reduction methods, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Guanzhe Zhang , Shanshan Ding , Zhezhen Jin

Different unsupervised models for dimensionality reduction like PCA, LLE, Shannon's mapping, tSNE, UMAP, etc. work on different principles, hence, they are difficult to compare on the same ground. Although they are usually good for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-10 Subhrajyoty Roy

It has become standard to use gradient-based dimensionality reduction (DR) methods like tSNE and UMAP when explaining what AI models have learned. This makes sense: these methods are fast, robust, and have an uncanny ability to find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Andrew Draganov , Simon Dohn

UMAP has supplanted t-SNE as state-of-the-art for visualizing high-dimensional datasets in many disciplines, but the reason for its success is not well understood. In this work, we investigate UMAP's sampling based optimization scheme in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Sebastian Damrich , Fred A. Hamprecht

Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) is one of the state-of-the-art methods for dimensionality reduction and data visualization. This is a tutorial and survey paper on UMAP and its variants. We start with UMAP algorithm…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Misuses of t-SNE and UMAP in visual analytics have become increasingly common. For example, although t-SNE and UMAP projections often do not faithfully reflect the original distances between clusters, practitioners frequently use them to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Hyeon Jeon , Jeongin Park , Sungbok Shin , Jinwook Seo

Neighbor embeddings are a family of methods for visualizing complex high-dimensional datasets using $k$NN graphs. To find the low-dimensional embedding, these algorithms combine an attractive force between neighboring pairs of points with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak

$t$-SNE is an embedding method that the data science community has widely Two interesting characteristics of t-SNE are the structure preservation property and the answer to the crowding problem, where all neighbors in high dimensional space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Gaëlle Candel , David Naccache

Topology based dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE and UMAP have seen increasing success and popularity in high-dimensional data. These methods have strong mathematical foundations and are based on the intuition that the topology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Ayush Dalmia , Suzanna Sia

Nowadays, as data becomes increasingly complex and distributed, data analyses often involve several related datasets that are stored on different servers and probably owned by different stakeholders. While there is an emerging need to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Jiazhi Xia , Tianxiang Chen , Lei Zhang , Wei Chen , Yang Chen , Xiaolong Zhang , Cong Xie , Tobias Schreck

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

High-dimensional data visualization is crucial in the big data era and these techniques such as t-SNE and UMAP have been widely used in science and engineering. Big data, however, is often distributed across multiple data centers and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Dong Qiao , Xinxian Ma , Jicong Fan

Running machine learning analytics over geographically distributed datasets is a rapidly arising problem in the world of data management policies ensuring privacy and data security. Visualizing high dimensional data using tools such as…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Viska Wei , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Alexander Szalay

Dimensionality reduction methods such as UMAP and t-SNE are central tools for visualising high-dimensional data, but their local-neighborhood objectives can preserve sampling noise while distorting global topology. We show that standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Alexander Kolpakov , Igor Rivin

Neighbour embeddings (NE) allow the representation of high dimensional datasets into lower dimensional spaces and are often used in data visualisation. In practice, accelerated approximations are employed to handle very large datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pierre Lambert , Edouard Couplet , Michel Verleysen , John Aldo Lee
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