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We propose a simple risk-limiting audit for elections, ClipAudit. To determine whether candidate A (the reported winner) actually beat candidate B in a plurality election, ClipAudit draws ballots at random, without replacement, until either…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Ronald L. Rivest

This article * provides an overview of post-election audit sampling research and compares various approaches to calculating post-election audit sample sizes, focusing on risklimiting audits, * discusses fundamental concepts common to all…

Applications · Statistics 2009-09-30 Kathy Dopp

We derive a closed-form expression capturing the degree of Relative Risk Aversion (RRA) of investors for non-"fair" lotteries. We argue that our formula is superior to earlier methods that have been proposed, as it is a function of only…

General Economics · Economics 2022-11-10 George Samartzis , Nikitas Pittis

While test-time scaling has enabled large language models to solve highly difficult tasks, state-of-the-art results come at exorbitant compute costs. These inefficiencies can be attributed to the miscalibration of post-trained language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Cai Zhou , Zekai Wang , Menghua Wu , Qianyu Julie Zhu , Flora C. Shi , Chenyu Wang , Ashia Wilson , Tommi Jaakkola , Stephen Bates

ONEAudit provides more efficient risk-limiting audits than other extant methods when the voting system cannot report a cast-vote record linked to each cast card. It obviates the need for re-scanning; it is simpler and more efficient than…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-20 Jacob V Spertus , Amanda K Glazer , Philip B Stark

We propose a new ensemble prediction method, Random Subset Averaging (RSA), tailored for settings with many covariates, particularly in the presence of strong correlations. RSA constructs candidate models via binomial random subset strategy…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-30 Wenhao Cui , Jie Hu

Meta-analysis allows rigorous aggregation of estimates and uncertainty across multiple studies. When a given study reports multiple estimates, such as log odds ratios (ORs) or log relative risks (RRs) across exposure groups, accounting for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-02 Alexander Johnson-Vázquez , Alexander W. Hsu , Peng Zheng , Aleksandr Aravkin

Risk-sensitive reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize policies that balance the expected reward and risk. In this paper, we present a novel risk-sensitive RL framework that employs an Iterated Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yu Chen , Yihan Du , Pihe Hu , Siwei Wang , Desheng Wu , Longbo Huang

We present an approximate sampling framework and discuss how risk-limiting audits can compensate for these approximations, while maintaining their "risk-limiting" properties. Our framework is general and can compensate for counting mistakes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-01-04 Mayuri Sridhar , Ronald L. Rivest

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit systematic biases across demographic groups. Auditing is proposed as an accountability tool for black-box LLM applications, but suffers from resource-intensive query access. We conceptualise auditing as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 David Hartmann , Lena Pohlmann , Lelia Hanslik , Noah Gießing , Bettina Berendt , Pieter Delobelle

Ordinal optimization (OO) is a widely-studied technique for optimizing discrete-event dynamic systems (DEDS). It evaluates the performance of the system designs in a finite set by sampling and aims to correctly make ordinal comparison of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-30 Yanwen Li , Siyang Gao

The fast spreading adoption of machine learning (ML) by companies across industries poses significant regulatory challenges. One such challenge is scalability: how can regulatory bodies efficiently audit these ML models, ensuring that they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Tom Yan , Chicheng Zhang

In recent years, transformer-based language representation models (LRMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on difficult natural language understanding problems, such as question answering and text summarization. As these models are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Zhisheng Tang , Mayank Kejriwal

Test collections are information-retrieval tools that allow researchers to quickly and easily evaluate ranking algorithms. While test collections have become an integral part of IR research, the process of data creation involves significant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Rikiya Takehi , Ellen M. Voorhees , Tetsuya Sakai , Ian Soboroff

Partial penalized tests provide flexible approaches to testing linear hypotheses in high dimensional generalized linear models. However, because the estimators used in these tests are local minimizers of potentially non-convex…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-02 Tate Jacobson

A new likelihood based AR approximation is given for ARMA models. The usual algorithms for the computation of the likelihood of an ARMA model require $O(n)$ flops per function evaluation. Using our new approximation, an algorithm is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-11-04 A. Ian McLeod , Ying Zhang

Job scheduling is widely used in real-world manufacturing systems to assign ordered job operations to machines under various constraints. Existing solutions remain limited by long running time or insufficient schedule quality, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Zhengyi Kwan , Wei Zhang , Aik Beng Ng , Zhengkui Wang , Simon See

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a fundamental framework for sequential decision-making, in which an agent learns an optimal policy through interactions with an unknown environment. In settings with function approximation, many existing RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ruiquan Huang , Donghao Li , Yingbin Liang , Jing Yang

We provide practical, efficient, and nonparametric methods for auditing the fairness of deployed classification and regression models. Whereas previous work relies on a fixed-sample size, our methods are sequential and allow for the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-19 Ben Chugg , Santiago Cortes-Gomez , Bryan Wilder , Aaditya Ramdas

Reinforcement learning (RL) commonly relies on scalar rewards with limited ability to express temporal, conditional, or safety-critical goals, and can lead to reward hacking. Temporal logic expressible via the more general class of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Dominik Wagner , Leon Witzman , Luke Ong