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General Video Game Playing (GVGP) is a field of Artificial Intelligence where agents play a variety of real-time video games that are unknown in advance. This limits the use of domain-specific heuristics. Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Chiara F. Sironi , Torsten Schuster , Mark H. M. Winands

Reinforcement learning has achieved remarkable success in perfect information games such as Go and Atari, enabling agents to compete at the highest levels against human players. However, research in reinforcement learning for imperfect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Jiamian Li

We propose Monte Carlo Permutation Search (MCPS), a general-purpose Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm that improves upon the GRAVE algorithm. MCPS is relevant when deep reinforcement learning is not an option or when the computing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Tristan Cazenave

Recently, the seminal algorithms AlphaGo and AlphaZero have started a new era in game learning and deep reinforcement learning. While the achievements of AlphaGo and AlphaZero - playing Go and other complex games at super human level - are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Johannes Scheiermann , Wolfgang Konen

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has proven to be capable of solving challenging tasks in domains such as Go, chess and Atari. Previous research has developed parallel versions of MCTS, exploiting today's multiprocessing architectures. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Karl Kurzer , Christoph Hörtnagl , J. Marius Zöllner

The quality of opponent Artificial Intelligence (AI) in fighting videogames is crucial. Some other game genres can rely on their story or visuals, but fighting games are all about the adversarial experience. In this paper, we will introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Ignacio Gajardo , Felipe Besoain , Nicolas A. Barriga

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a branch of stochastic modeling that utilizes decision trees for optimization, mostly applied to artificial intelligence (AI) game players. This project imagines a game in which an AI player searches for a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Elana Kozak , Scott Hottovy

The combination of Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) with deep reinforcement learning has led to significant advances in artificial intelligence. However, AlphaZero, the current state-of-the-art MCTS algorithm, still relies on handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Jean-Bastien Grill , Florent Altché , Yunhao Tang , Thomas Hubert , Michal Valko , Ioannis Antonoglou , Rémi Munos

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), most famously used in game-play artificial intelligence (e.g., the game of Go), is a well-known strategy for constructing approximate solutions to sequential decision problems. Its primary innovation is the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-21 Daniel R. Jiang , Lina Al-Kanj , Warren B. Powell

The widespread availability of superhuman AI engines is changing how we play the ancient game of Go. The open-source software packages developed after the AlphaGo series shifted focus from producing strong playing entities to providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Attila Egri-Nagy , Antti Törmänen

Making changes to a program to optimize its performance is an unscalable task that relies entirely upon human intuition and experience. In addition, companies operating at large scale are at a stage where no single individual understands…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-08 Don M. Dini

Combinations of Monte-Carlo tree search and Deep Neural Networks, trained through self-play, have produced state-of-the-art results for automated game-playing in many board games. The training and search algorithms are not game-specific,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Vegard Mella , Cameron Browne , Olivier Teytaud

Designing agents that are able to achieve different play-styles while maintaining a competitive level of play is a difficult task, especially for games for which the research community has not found super-human performance yet, like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Diego Perez-Liebana , Cristina Guerrero-Romero , Alexander Dockhorn , Linjie Xu , Jorge Hurtado , Dominik Jeurissen

To this day, a variety of approaches for providing local interpretability of black-box machine learning models have been introduced. Unfortunately, all of these methods suffer from one or more of the following deficiencies: They are either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Yiran Huang , Nicole Schaal , Michael Hefenbrock , Yexu Zhou , Till Riedel , Likun Fang , Michael Beigl

In this study, we explore the efficiency of the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), a prominent decision-making algorithm renowned for its effectiveness in complex decision environments, contingent upon the volume of simulations conducted.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Ye Zhang , Mengran Zhu , Kailin Gui , Jiayue Yu , Yong Hao , Haozhan Sun

AlphaZero-like Monte Carlo Tree Search systems, originally introduced for two-player games, dynamically balance exploration and exploitation using neural network guidance. This combination makes them also suitable for classical search…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Alexandros Vazaios , Jannis Brugger , Cedric Derstroff , Kristian Kersting , Mira Mezini

In the past few years, AlphaZero's exceptional capability in mastering intricate board games has garnered considerable interest. Initially designed for the game of Go, this revolutionary algorithm merges deep learning techniques with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Wen Liang , Chao Yu , Brian Whiteaker , Inyoung Huh , Hua Shao , Youzhi Liang

Purpose: In recent years Monte-Carlo sampling methods, such as Monte Carlo tree search, have achieved tremendous success in model free reinforcement learning. A combination of the so called upper confidence bounds policy to preserve the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-10-24 Boris Mitavskiy , Jonathan Rowe , Chris Cannings

AlphaZero and its extension MuZero are computer programs that use machine-learning techniques to play at a superhuman level in chess, go, and a few other games. They achieved this level of play solely with reinforcement learning from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Evgeny Dantsin , Vladik Kreinovich , Alexander Wolpert

We present an extension of Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) that strongly increases its efficiency for trees with asymmetry and/or loops. Asymmetric termination of search trees introduces a type of uncertainty for which the standard upper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-24 Thomas M. Moerland , Joost Broekens , Aske Plaat , Catholijn M. Jonker