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Classical wisdom suggests that estimators should avoid fitting noise to achieve good generalization. In contrast, modern overparameterized models can yield small test error despite interpolating noise -- a phenomenon often called "benign…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-02 Michael Aerni , Marco Milanta , Konstantin Donhauser , Fanny Yang

The rule of thumb regarding the relationship between the bias-variance tradeoff and model size plays a key role in classical machine learning, but is now well-known to break down in the overparameterized setting as per the double descent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-16 Qingyi Hu , Liam Hodgkinson

We study the overfitting behavior of fully connected deep Neural Networks (NNs) with binary weights fitted to perfectly classify a noisy training set. We consider interpolation using both the smallest NN (having the minimal number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Itamar Harel , William M. Hoza , Gal Vardi , Itay Evron , Nathan Srebro , Daniel Soudry

Overfitting is one of the most critical challenges in deep neural networks, and there are various types of regularization methods to improve generalization performance. Injecting noises to hidden units during training, e.g., dropout, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Hyeonwoo Noh , Tackgeun You , Jonghwan Mun , Bohyung Han

Deep neural networks generalize well despite being exceedingly overparameterized and being trained without explicit regularization. This curious phenomenon has inspired extensive research activity in establishing its statistical principles:…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-16 Ke Wang , Christos Thrampoulidis

Understanding generalization of overparametrized neural networks remains a fundamental challenge in machine learning. Most of the literature mostly studies generalization from an interpolation point of view, taking convergence of parameters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Etienne Boursier , Nicolas Flammarion

In some studies \citep[e.g.,][]{zhang2016understanding} of deep learning, it is observed that over-parametrized deep neural networks achieve a small testing error even when the training error is almost zero. Despite numerous works towards…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-25 Yue Xing , Qifan Song , Guang Cheng

For infinitesimal learning rates, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) follows the path of gradient flow on the full batch loss function. However moderately large learning rates can achieve higher test accuracies, and this generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Samuel L. Smith , Benoit Dherin , David G. T. Barrett , Soham De

This paper investigates the phenomenon of benign overfitting in binary classification problems with heavy-tailed input distributions, extending the analysis of maximum margin classifiers to $\alpha$ sub-exponential distributions ($\alpha…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Kota Okudo , Kei Kobayashi

Modern machine learning models with a large number of parameters often generalize well despite perfectly interpolating noisy training data - a phenomenon known as benign overfitting. A foundational explanation for this in linear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-18 Yuta Kondo

Recent research in neural networks and machine learning suggests that using many more parameters than strictly required by the initial complexity of a regression problem can result in more accurate or faster-converging models -- contrary to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Arthur Castello B. de Oliveira , Milad Siami , Eduardo D. Sontag

Mathematically characterizing the implicit regularization induced by gradient-based optimization is a longstanding pursuit in the theory of deep learning. A widespread hope is that a characterization based on minimization of norms may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Noam Razin , Nadav Cohen

State-of-the-art machine learning models can be vulnerable to very small input perturbations that are adversarially constructed. Adversarial training is an effective approach to defend against it. Formulated as a min-max problem, it…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-18 Antônio H. Ribeiro , Dave Zachariah , Francis Bach , Thomas B. Schön

Implicit Neural Representation (INR) has emerged as an effective method for unsupervised image denoising. However, INR models are typically overparameterized; consequently, these models are prone to overfitting during learning, resulting in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Zipei Yan , Zhengji Liu , Jizhou Li

Meta-learning has arisen as a successful method for improving training performance by training over many similar tasks, especially with deep neural networks (DNNs). However, the theoretical understanding of when and why overparameterized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Peizhong Ju , Yingbin Liang , Ness B. Shroff

A regression model with more parameters than data points in the training data is overparametrized and has the capability to interpolate the training data. Based on the classical bias-variance tradeoff expressions, it is commonly assumed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Tomas McKelvey

Language modeling on large-scale datasets leads to impressive performance gains on various downstream language tasks. The validation pre-training loss (or perplexity in autoregressive language modeling) is often used as the evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Hong Liu , Sang Michael Xie , Zhiyuan Li , Tengyu Ma

A common strategy to train deep neural networks (DNNs) is to use very large architectures and to train them until they (almost) achieve zero training error. Empirically observed good generalization performance on test data, even in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-26 Nicole Mücke , Ingo Steinwart

In this paper, we study the implicit bias of gradient descent for sparse regression. We extend results on regression with quadratic parametrization, which amounts to depth-2 diagonal linear networks, to more general depth-N networks, under…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-28 Jiangyuan Li , Thanh V. Nguyen , Chinmay Hegde , Raymond K. W. Wong

Numerous recent works show that overparameterization implicitly reduces variance for min-norm interpolators and max-margin classifiers. These findings suggest that ridge regularization has vanishing benefits in high dimensions. We challenge…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-20 Konstantin Donhauser , Alexandru Ţifrea , Michael Aerni , Reinhard Heckel , Fanny Yang