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With the recent explosive growth of interest and investment in virtual reality (VR) and the so-called "metaverse," public attention has rightly shifted toward the unique security and privacy threats that these platforms may pose. While it…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Vivek Nair , Wenbo Guo , Justus Mattern , Rui Wang , James F. O'Brien , Louis Rosenberg , Dawn Song

Virtual Reality (VR) has shown great potential to revolutionize the market by providing users immersive experiences with freedom of movement. Compared to traditional video streaming, VR is with ultra high-definition and dynamically changes…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Miao Hu , Xianzhuo Luo , Jiawen Chen , Young Choon Lee , Yipeng Zhou , Di Wu

Although Virtual Reality (VR) has accelerated its prevalent adoption in emerging metaverse applications, it is not a fundamentally new technology. On one hand, most VR operating systems (OS) are based on off-the-shelf mobile OS. As a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Hanyang Guo , Hong-Ning Dai , Xiapu Luo , Zibin Zheng , Gengyang Xu , Fengliang He

Virtual Reality (VR) technology has gained substantial traction and has the potential to transform a number of industries, including education, entertainment, and professional sectors. Nevertheless, concerns have arisen about the security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sheikh Samit Muhaimin , Spyridon Mastorakis

Users readily embrace the rapid advancements in virtual reality (VR) technology within various everyday contexts, such as gaming, social interactions, shopping, and commerce. In order to facilitate transactions and payments, VR systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Jingjie Li , Sunpreet Singh Arora , Kassem Fawaz , Younghyun Kim , Can Liu , Sebastian Meiser , Mohsen Minaei , Maliheh Shirvanian , Kim Wagner

This position paper explores the possibilities and challenges of using Virtual Reality (VR) in remote user studies. Highlighting the immersive nature of VR, the paper identifies key vulnerabilities, including varying technical proficiency,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Viktorija Paneva , Florian Alt

Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR, AR) are increasingly gaining traction thanks to their technical advancement and the need for remote connections, recently accentuated by the pandemic. Remote surgery, telerobotics, and virtual offices are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Pier Paolo Tricomi , Federica Nenna , Luca Pajola , Mauro Conti , Luciano Gamberini

The use of Immersive Technologies has shown its potential to revolutionize many sectors such as health, entertainment, education, and industrial sectors. Immersive technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented reality (AR), and Mixed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Keshav Sood , Sanjay Selvaraj , Youyang Qu

Motion sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes measure the instant acceleration and rotation of a device, in three dimensions. Raw data streams from motion sensors embedded in portable and wearable devices may reveal private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Mohammad Malekzadeh , Richard G. Clegg , Andrea Cavallaro , Hamed Haddadi

With eye tracking being increasingly integrated into virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) head-mounted displays, preserving users' privacy is an ever more important, yet under-explored, topic in the eye tracking community. We report a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Julian Steil , Inken Hagestedt , Michael Xuelin Huang , Andreas Bulling

Fifty study participants playtested an innocent-looking "escape room" game in virtual reality (VR). Within just a few minutes, an adversarial program had accurately inferred over 25 of their personal data attributes, from anthropometrics…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Vivek Nair , Gonzalo Munilla Garrido , Dawn Song , James F. O'Brien

Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology that enables new applications but also introduces privacy risks. In this paper, we focus on Oculus VR (OVR), the leading platform in the VR space and we provide the first comprehensive analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Rahmadi Trimananda , Hieu Le , Hao Cui , Janice Tran Ho , Anastasia Shuba , Athina Markopoulou

The metaverse is a nascent concept that envisions a virtual universe, a collaborative space where individuals can interact, create, and participate in a wide range of activities. Privacy in the metaverse is a critical concern as the concept…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Mahdi Alkaeed , Adnan Qayyum , Junaid Qadir

There is a growing need for authentication methodology in virtual reality applications. Current systems assume that the immersive experience technology is a collection of peripheral devices connected to a personal computer or mobile device.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Karthik Viswanathan , Abbas Yazdinejad

Motion tracking "telemetry" data lies at the core of nearly all modern extended reality (XR) and metaverse experiences. While generally presumed innocuous, recent studies have demonstrated that motion data actually has the potential to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Vivek Nair , Louis Rosenberg , James F. O'Brien , Dawn Song

Virtual reality (VR) is a multibillionaire market that keeps growing, year after year. As VR is becoming prevalent in households and small businesses, it is critical to address the effects that this technology might have on the privacy and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Alberto Giaretta

Recent years have witnessed the fast penetration of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) systems into our daily life, the security and privacy issues of the VR/AR applications have been attracting considerable attention. Most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Feng Li , Jiayi Zhao , Huan Yang , Dongxiao Yu , Yuanfeng Zhou , Yiran Shen

Many tracking companies collect user data and sell it to data markets and advertisers. While they claim to protect user privacy by anonymizing the data, our research reveals that significant privacy risks persist even with anonymized data.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Ruisheng Shi , Zhiyuan Peng , Tong Fu , Lina Lan , Qin Wang , Jiaqi Zeng

Task-based behavioral biometric authentication of users interacting in virtual reality (VR) environments enables seamless continuous authentication by using only the motion trajectories of the person's body as a unique signature. Deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Mingjun Li , Natasha Kholgade Banerjee , Sean Banerjee

In recent years, social virtual reality (VR), sometimes described as the "metaverse," has become widely available. With its potential comes risks, including risks to privacy. To understand these risks, we study the identifiability of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Mark Roman Miller , Eugy Han , Cyan DeVeaux , Eliot Jones , Ryan Chen , Jeremy N. Bailenson