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Virtual reality (VR) sensors capture large amounts of user data, including body motion and eye tracking, that contain personally identifying information. While privacy-enhancing techniques can obfuscate this data, incomplete privacy…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Samantha Aziz , Oleg Komogortsev

Virtual Reality (VR) techniques, serving as the bridge between the real and virtual worlds, have boomed and are widely used in manufacturing, remote healthcare, gaming, etc. Specifically, VR systems offer users immersive experiences that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yancheng Jiang , Yan Jiang , Ruochen Zhou , Yi-Chao Chen , Xiaoyu Ji , Wenyuan Xu

Virtual reality (VR) and "metaverse" systems have recently seen a resurgence in interest and investment as major technology companies continue to enter the space. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the motion tracking…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Vivek Nair , Wenbo Guo , James F. O'Brien , Louis Rosenberg , Dawn Song

Virtual reality (VR) telepresence applications and the so-called "metaverse" promise to be the next major medium of human-computer interaction. However, with recent studies demonstrating the ease at which VR users can be profiled and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Vivek Nair , Gonzalo Munilla Garrido , Dawn Song

Eye tracking is routinely being incorporated into virtual reality (VR) systems. Prior research has shown that eye tracking data, if exposed, can be used for re-identification attacks. The state of our knowledge about currently existing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Ethan Wilson , Azim Ibragimov , Michael J. Proulx , Sai Deep Tetali , Kevin Butler , Eakta Jain

Virtual reality (VR) platforms enable a wide range of applications, however, pose unique privacy risks. In particular, VR devices are equipped with a rich set of sensors that collect personal and sensitive information (e.g., body motion,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Ismat Jarin , Yu Duan , Rahmadi Trimananda , Hao Cui , Salma Elmalaki , Athina Markopoulou

The adoption of virtual reality (VR) technologies has rapidly gained momentum in recent years as companies around the world begin to position the so-called "metaverse" as the next major medium for accessing and interacting with the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Gonzalo Munilla Garrido , Vivek Nair , Dawn Song

As Virtual Reality (VR) applications grow in popularity, they have bridged distances and brought users closer together. However, with this growth, there have been increasing concerns about security and privacy, especially related to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Zihao Su , Kunlin Cai , Reuben Beeler , Lukas Dresel , Allan Garcia , Ilya Grishchenko , Yuan Tian , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna

With the unprecedented diffusion of virtual reality, the number of application scenarios is continuously growing. As commercial and gaming applications become pervasive, the need for the secure and convenient identification of users, often…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Sara Baldoni , Salim Benhamadi , Federico Chiariotti , Michele Zorzi , Federica Battisti

Motion tracking "telemetry" data lies at the core of nearly all modern virtual reality (VR) and metaverse experiences. While generally presumed innocuous, recent studies have demonstrated that motion data actually has the potential to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Vivek Nair , Christian Rack , Wenbo Guo , Rui Wang , Shuixian Li , Brandon Huang , Atticus Cull , James F. O'Brien , Marc Latoschik , Louis Rosenberg , Dawn Song

Virtual Reality (VR) has gained popularity by providing immersive and interactive experiences without geographical limitations. It also provides a sense of personal privacy through physical separation. In this paper, we show that despite…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Zhuolin Yang , Zain Sarwar , Iris Hwang , Ronik Bhaskar , Ben Y. Zhao , Haitao Zheng

Current Virtual Reality (VR) input devices make it possible to navigate a virtual environment and record immersive, personalized data regarding the user's movement and specific behavioral habits, which brings the question of the user's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Aryabrata Basu , Mohammad Jahed Murad Sunny , Jayasri Sai Nikitha Guthula

Virtual reality (VR), while enhancing user experiences, introduces significant privacy risks. This paper reveals a novel vulnerability in VR systems that allows attackers to capture VR privacy through obstacles utilizing millimeter-wave…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Luoyu Mei , Ruofeng Liu , Zhimeng Yin , Qingchuan Zhao , Wenchao Jiang , Shuai Wang , Kangjie Lu , Tian He

The latest developments in computer hardware, sensor technologies, and artificial intelligence can make virtual reality (VR) and virtual spaces an important part of human everyday life. Eye tracking offers not only a hands-free way of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Efe Bozkir , Süleyman Özdel , Mengdi Wang , Brendan David-John , Hong Gao , Kevin Butler , Eakta Jain , Enkelejda Kasneci

Virtual reality (VR) is not a new technology but has been in development for decades, driven by advances in computer technology. Currently, VR technology is increasingly being used in applications to enable immersive, yet controlled…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Hong Gao

Commercial Virtual Reality (VR) transforms people's virtual experiences but introduces deceptive design opportunities that threaten user privacy. Although privacy deceptive patterns on 2D platforms are well-documented, their impacts in VR…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hilda Hadan , Michaela Valiquette , Lennart E. Nacke , Leah Zhang-Kennedy

Extended reality (XR) devices have become ubiquitous. They are equipped with arrays of sensors, collecting extensive user and environmental data, allowing inferences about sensitive user information users may not realize they are sharing.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Viktorija Paneva , Verena Winterhalter , Naga Sai Surya Vamsy Malladi , Marvin Strauss , Stefan Schneegass , Florian Alt

The use of virtual and augmented reality devices is increasing, but these sensor-rich devices pose risks to privacy. The ability to track a user's motion and infer the identity or characteristics of the user poses a privacy risk that has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Vivek Nair , Mark Roman Miller , Rui Wang , Brandon Huang , Christian Rack , Marc Erich Latoschik , James F. O'Brien

Virtual Reality (VR) technologies offer immersive experiences but collect substantial user data. While deceptive design is well-studied in 2D platforms, little is known about its manifestation in VR environments and its impact on user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Hilda Hadan , Michaela Valiquette , Lennart E. Nacke , Leah Zhang-Kennedy

Virtual reality (VR) platforms and apps collect user sensor data, including motion, facial, eye, and hand data, in abstracted form. These data may expose users to unique privacy risks without their knowledge or meaningful awareness, yet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ismat Jarin , Olivia Figueira , Yu Duan , Tu Le , Athina Markopoulou
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