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Machine learning is seen as a promising application of quantum computation. For near-term noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, parametrized quantum circuits (PQCs) have been proposed as machine learning models due to their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-13 Shuxiang Cao , Leonard Wossnig , Brian Vlastakis , Peter Leek , Edward Grant

In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) stand as a prominent strategy for constructing quantum machine learning models. These models comprise both a quantum and a classical component.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-01 Lucas Friedrich , Jonas Maziero

Whether parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) can be systematically constructed to be both trainable and expressive remains an open question. Highly expressive PQCs often exhibit barren plateaus, while several trainable alternatives admit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Peter Röseler , Dennis Willsch , Kristel Michielsen

Sampling from a probability distribution is a core task in many quantum and classical algorithms. Variational quantum circuits provide a natural approach to generating such distributions, as measurement outcomes directly define the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Ronit Raj , Kshitij Durge , Manish Mallapur , Rohit Taeja Kumar , Ankur Raina

Parameterized quantum circuits serve as ans\"{a}tze for solving variational problems and provide a flexible paradigm for programming near-term quantum computers. Ideally, such ans\"{a}tze should be highly expressive so that a close…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-31 Zoë Holmes , Kunal Sharma , M. Cerezo , Patrick J. Coles

In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era, variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as a promising avenue to obtain quantum advantage. However, the success of VQAs depends on the expressive power of parameterised quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-15 Yingli Yang , Zongkang Zhang , Anbang Wang , Xiaosi Xu , Xiaoting Wang , Ying Li

Ansatz selection is a key factor in the performance of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs). While much of the state-of-the-art still relies on heuristic choices, an inadequate circuit structure can compromise both the expressive power and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Rodrigo M. Sanz , Andreu Angles-Castillo , Eduard Alarcon , Carmen G Almudever

This work proposes a way to align statistical modeling with decision making. We provide a method that propagates the uncertainty in predictive modeling to the uncertainty in operational cost, where operational cost is the amount spent by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-03-19 Theja Tulabandhula , Cynthia Rudin

To harness the potential of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, it is paramount to find the best type of circuits to run hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. Key candidates are parametrized quantum circuits that can be effectively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-28 Tobias Haug , Kishor Bharti , M. S. Kim

Variational quantum algorithms rely on gradient based optimization to iteratively minimize a cost function evaluated by measuring output(s) of a quantum processor. A barren plateau is the phenomenon of exponentially vanishing gradients in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-26 Alexey Uvarov , Jacob Biamonte

Identifying scalable circuit architectures remains a central challenge in variational quantum computing and quantum machine learning. Many approaches have been proposed to mitigate or avoid the barren plateau phenomenon or, more broadly,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Reyhaneh Aghaei Saem , Behrang Tafreshi , Zoë Holmes , Supanut Thanasilp

Classical optimization is a cornerstone of the success of variational quantum algorithms, which often require determining the derivatives of the cost function relative to variational parameters. The computation of the cost function and its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Muhammad Umer , Eleftherios Mastorakis , Dimitris G. Angelakis

There is an increasing interest in Quantum Machine Learning (QML) models, how they work and for which applications they could be useful. There have been many different proposals on how classical data can be encoded and what circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-20 Aikaterini , Gratsea , Patrick Huembeli

Parameterized quantum circuits play a key role in quantum computing. Measuring the suitability of such a circuit for solving a class of problems is needed. One such promising measure is the expressivity of a circuit, which is defined in two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Johanna Barzen , Frank Leymann

Quantum neural networks (QNNs), as currently formulated, are near-term quantum machine learning architectures that leverage parameterized quantum circuits with the aim of improving upon the performance of their classical counterparts. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Marco Maronese , Francesco Ferrari , Matteo Vandelli , Daniele Dragoni

Quantum neural networks (QNNs), represented by parameterized quantum circuits, can be trained in the paradigm of supervised learning to map input data to predictions. Much work has focused on theoretically analyzing the expressive power of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-17 Yalin Liao , Junpeng Zhan

Expressibility is a crucial factor of a Parameterized Quantum Circuit (PQC). In the context of Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQA) based Quantum Machine Learning (QML), a QML model composed of highly expressible PQC and sufficient number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-12 Yu Liu , Kentaro Baba , Kazuya Kaneko , Naoyuki Takeda , Junpei Koyama , Koichi Kimura

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm, QAOA, uses a shallow depth quantum circuit to produce a parameter dependent state. For a given combinatorial optimization problem instance, the quantum expectation of the associated cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-12 Fernando G. S. L. Brandao , Michael Broughton , Edward Farhi , Sam Gutmann , Hartmut Neven

Hybrid quantum neural networks (HQNNs) integrate parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) within classical networks, where the behavior of the underlying PQCs is often the primary focus of analysis. In this context, expressibility and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Muhammad Kashif , Muhammad Shafique

Parameterized quantum circuits are the core of new technologies such as variational quantum algorithms and quantum machine learning, which makes studying its properties a valuable task. We implement parameterized circuits with definite and…

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