Related papers: The Real Number n-Degree Pythagorean Theorem

We show that for all real biquadratic fields not containing $\sqrt{2}$, $\sqrt{3}$, $\sqrt{5}$, $\sqrt{6}$, $\sqrt{7},$ and $\sqrt{13}$, the Pythagoras number of the ring of algebraic integers is at least $6$. We will also provide an upper…

Lagrange's four-square theorem states that every natural number $n$ can be represented as the sum of four integer squares: $n=x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2+x_4^2$. Ramanujan generalized Lagrange's result by providing, up to equivalence, all $54$…

To represent positive integers by regular patterns on a plane or in three-dimensional space may be traced back to the Pythagoreans. The aim of the present article is to explore the possibility of extending the representation framework for…

Let $\mathcal{A}=\{a_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ and $\mathcal{B}=\{b_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ be two sequences of positive integers (not necessarily distinct). Under some restrictions on $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$, we obtain a lower bound for…

Numerous problems of analysis (real and complex) and geometry (analytic, algebraic, Diophantine e.a.) can be reduced to calculation of the ``number of solutions'' of systems of equations, defined by algebraic equalities and differential…

Pythagoras' theorem, the area of a triangle as one half the base times the height, and Heron's formula are amongst the most important and useful results of ancient Greek geometry. Here we look at all three in a new and improved light, using…

We give partial generalizations of the classical Descartes' rule of signs to multivariate polynomials (with real exponents), in the sense that we provide upper bounds on the number of connected components of the complement of a hypersurface…

We prove that any extended formulation that approximates the matching polytope on $n$-vertex graphs up to a factor of $(1+\varepsilon)$ for any $\frac2n \le \varepsilon \le 1$ must have at least $\binom{n}{{\alpha}/{\varepsilon}}$ defining…

The Standard Model of particle physics can be deduced from a small number of axioms within Connes' noncommutative geometry (NCG). Boyle and Farnsworth [New J. Phys. 16 (2014) 123027] proposed to interpret Connes' approach as an algebra…

The main purpose of this paper is to study the arithmetical properties of values \(\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \beta^{-w(m)}\), where \(\beta\) is a fixed Pisot or Salem number and \(w(m)\) (\(m=0,1,\ldots\)) are distinct sequences of nonnegative…

An integer $n\ge 1$ is said to be practical if every natural number $ m \le n$ can be expressed as a sum of distinct positive divisors of $n$. The number of practical numbers up to $x$ is asymptotic to $c x/\log x$, where $c$ is a constant.…

In Euclidean geometry, the Pythagorean theorem is presented as an equation involving three squares. This paper explores how analogous expressions may be identified in spherical and hyperbolic geometries.

Let $d$ be a positive integer. Let $p$ be a prime number. Let $\alpha$ be a real algebraic number of degree $d+1$. We establish that there exist a positive constant $c$ and infinitely many algebraic numbers $\xi$ of degree $d$ such that…

We prove that for every irrational number $\alpha$, real number $\beta$, real number $c$ satisfying $1<c<9/8$ and positive real number $\theta$ satisfying $\theta<(9/c-8)/10$, there exist infinitely many primes of the form…

Let $\sigma(n)$ denote the sum of the positive divisors of $n$. We say that $n$ is perfect if $\sigma(n) = 2 n$. Currently there are no known odd perfect numbers. It is known that if an odd perfect number exists, then it must be of the form…

$\mathbb B$-convexity was defined in [7] as a suitable Kuratowski-Painlev\'e upper limit of linear convexities over a finite dimensional Euclidean vector space. Excepted in the special case where convex sets are subsets of $\mathbb R^n_ +$,…

Following Srinivasan, an integer n\geq 1 is called practical if every natural number in [1,n] can be written as a sum of distinct divisors of n. This motivates us to define f(n) as the largest integer with the property that all of 1, 2,…

Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be real numbers such that $1$, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are linearly independent over $\mathbb{Q}$. A classical result of Dirichlet asserts that there are infinitely many triples of integers $(x_0,x_1,x_2)$ such that…

A digraph $D$ is an oriented graph if $D$ does not have a pair of opposite arcs. The degree of a vertex $v$ of $D$ is the sum of the in-degree and out-degree of $v.$ Let $fvs(D)$ be the minimum number of vertices whose deletion from $D$…

We prove a general multi-dimensional central limit theorem for the expected number of vertices of a given degree in the family of planar maps whose vertex degrees are restricted to an arbitrary (finite or infinite) set of positive integers…