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This paper studies multi-agent reinforcement learning in Markov games, with the goal of learning Nash equilibria or coarse correlated equilibria (CCE) sample-optimally. All prior results suffer from at least one of the two obstacles: the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Gen Li , Yuejie Chi , Yuting Wei , Yuxin Chen

In imperfect-information games, the optimal strategy in a subgame may depend on the strategy in other, unreached subgames. Thus a subgame cannot be solved in isolation and must instead consider the strategy for the entire game as a whole,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Noam Brown , Tuomas Sandholm

Learning algorithms are essential for the applications of game theory in a networking environment. In dynamic and decentralized settings where the traffic, topology and channel states may vary over time and the communication between agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-03-15 Quanyan Zhu , Hamidou Tembine , Tamer Basar

While single-agent policy optimization in a fixed environment has attracted a lot of research attention recently in the reinforcement learning community, much less is known theoretically when there are multiple agents playing in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Shuang Qiu , Xiaohan Wei , Jieping Ye , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang

In this paper, the inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) problem is addressed to reconstruct the unknown cost function underlying an observed optimal policy in a model-free manner, whose online adaptation with completely off-policy system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Yibei Li , Yuexin Cao , Zhixin Liu , Lihua Xie

We investigate how perturbation does and does not improve the Follow-the-Regularized-Leader (FTRL) algorithm in solving imperfect-information extensive-form games under sampling, where payoffs are estimated from sampled trajectories. While…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Wataru Masaka , Mitsuki Sakamoto , Kenshi Abe , Kaito Ariu , Tuomas Sandholm , Atsushi Iwasaki

We introduce a new virtual environment for simulating a card game known as "Big 2". This is a four-player game of imperfect information with a relatively complicated action space (being allowed to play 1,2,3,4 or 5 card combinations from an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Henry Charlesworth

We investigate optimal decision making under imperfect recall, that is, when an agent forgets information it once held before. An example is the absentminded driver game, as well as team games in which the members have limited communication…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Emanuel Tewolde , Brian Hu Zhang , Caspar Oesterheld , Manolis Zampetakis , Tuomas Sandholm , Paul W. Goldberg , Vincent Conitzer

Policy gradient methods have become a staple of any single-agent reinforcement learning toolbox, due to their combination of desirable properties: iterate convergence, efficient use of stochastic trajectory feedback, and theoretically-sound…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Mingyang Liu , Gabriele Farina , Asuman Ozdaglar

We study zero-sum differential games with state constraints and one-sided information, where the informed player (Player 1) has a categorical payoff type unknown to the uninformed player (Player 2). The goal of Player 1 is to minimize his…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Mukesh Ghimire , Lei Zhang , Zhe Xu , Yi Ren

Extensive-form games (EFGs) model finite sequential interactions between players. The amount of memory required to represent these games is the main bottleneck of algorithms for computing optimal strategies and the size of these strategies…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Jiri Cermak , Viliam Lisy , Branislav Bosansky

We address the problem of solving parity games with imperfect information on finite graphs of bounded structural complexity. It is a major open problem whether parity games with perfect information can be solved in PTIME. Restricting the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Bernd Puchala , Roman Rabinovich

We study online learning and equilibrium computation in games with polyhedral decision sets, a property shared by both normal-form games and extensive-form games (EFGs), when the learning agent is restricted to using a best-response oracle.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Darshan Chakrabarti , Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer

We design and analyze algorithms for online linear optimization that have optimal regret and at the same time do not need to know any upper or lower bounds on the norm of the loss vectors. Our algorithms are instances of the Follow the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-15 Francesco Orabona , Dávid Pál

We study the problem of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with adaptivity constraints -- a new problem motivated by real-world applications where deployments of new policies are costly and the number of policy updates must be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Dan Qiao , Yu-Xiang Wang

We consider two-player games with imperfect information and the synthesis of a randomized strategy for one player that ensures the objective is satisfied almost-surely (i.e., with probability 1), regardless of the strategy of the other…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Laurent Doyen , Thomas Soullard

We consider extensive games with perfect information with well-founded game trees and study the problems of existence and of characterization of the sets of subgame perfect equilibria in these games. We also provide such characterizations…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Krzysztof R. Apt , Sunil Simon

The convergence of online learning algorithms in games under self-play is a fundamental question in game theory and machine learning. Among various notions of convergence, last-iterate convergence is particularly desirable, as it reflects…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yang Cai , Haipeng Luo , Chen-Yu Wei , Weiqiang Zheng

Unlike Poker where the action space $\mathcal{A}$ is discrete, differential games in the physical world often have continuous action spaces not amenable to discrete abstraction, rendering no-regret algorithms with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Mukesh Ghimire , Zhe Xu , Yi Ren

Imperfect Information Games (IIGs) offer robust models for scenarios where decision-makers face uncertainty or lack complete information. Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) has been one of the most successful family of algorithms for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Jiayu Chen , Zhekai Wang , Vaneet Aggarwal