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Machine learning models are often used at test-time subject to constraints and trade-offs not present at training-time. For example, a computer vision model operating on an embedded device may need to perform real-time inference, or a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-28 Augustus Odena , Dieterich Lawson , Christopher Olah

The main challenge in domain generalization (DG) is to handle the distribution shift problem that lies between the training and test data. Recent studies suggest that test-time training (TTT), which adapts the learned model with test data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Liang Chen , Yong Zhang , Yibing Song , Ying Shan , Lingqiao Liu

Machine learning techniques are used in a wide range of domains. However, machine learning models often suffer from the problem of over-fitting. Many data augmentation methods have been proposed to tackle such a problem, and one of them is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-21 Masanari Kimura

Generalizing neural networks to unseen target domains is a significant challenge in real-world deployments. Test-time training (TTT) addresses this by using an auxiliary self-supervised task to reduce the domain gap caused by distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Wooseong Jeong , Jegyeong Cho , Youngho Yoon , Kuk-Jin Yoon

Machine learning algorithms have achieved remarkable success across various disciplines, use cases and applications, under the prevailing assumption that training and test samples are drawn from the same distribution. Consequently, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Zehao Xiao , Cees G. M. Snoek

An unresolved problem in Deep Learning is the ability of neural networks to cope with domain shifts during test-time, imposed by commonly fixing network parameters after training. Our proposed method Meta Test-Time Training (MT3), however,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Alexander Bartler , Andre Bühler , Felix Wiewel , Mario Döbler , Bin Yang

Experiencing domain shifts during test-time is nearly inevitable in practice and likely results in a severe performance degradation. To overcome this issue, test-time adaptation continues to update the initial source model during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Robert A. Marsden , Mario Döbler , Bin Yang

Deep learning models have demonstrated exceptional performance across a wide range of computer vision tasks. However, their performance often degrades significantly when faced with distribution shifts, such as domain or dataset changes.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Samuel Barbeau , Pedram Fekri , David Osowiechi , Ali Bahri , Moslem Yazdanpanah , Masih Aminbeidokhti , Christian Desrosiers

In this paper, we propose Test-Time Training, a general approach for improving the performance of predictive models when training and test data come from different distributions. We turn a single unlabeled test sample into a self-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Yu Sun , Xiaolong Wang , Zhuang Liu , John Miller , Alexei A. Efros , Moritz Hardt

In this paper, we study the application of Test-Time Training (TTT) as a solution to handling distribution shifts in speech applications. In particular, we introduce distribution-shifts to the test datasets of standard speech-classification…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Sri Harsha Dumpala , Chandramouli Sastry , Sageev Oore

We consider training and testing on mixture distributions with different training and test proportions. We show that in many settings, and in some sense generically, distribution shift can be beneficial, and test performance can improve due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Marko Medvedev , Kaifeng Lyu , Zhiyuan Li , Nathan Srebro

This paper introduces a novel application of Test-Time Training (TTT) for Speech Enhancement, addressing the challenges posed by unpredictable noise conditions and domain shifts. This method combines a main speech enhancement task with a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Avishkar Behera , Riya Ann Easow , Venkatesh Parvathala , K. Sri Rama Murty

Test-time domain adaptation is a challenging task that aims to adapt a pre-trained model to limited, unlabeled target data during inference. Current methods that rely on self-supervision and entropy minimization underperform when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Chen Tao , Li Shen , Soumik Mondal

Previous works on depression detection use datasets collected in similar environments to train and test the models. In practice, however, the train and test distributions cannot be guaranteed to be identical. Distribution shifts can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sri Harsha Dumpala , Chandramouli Shama Sastry , Rudolf Uher , Sageev Oore

Test-Time Adaptation aims to adapt source domain model to testing data at inference stage with success demonstrated in adapting to unseen corruptions. However, these attempts may fail under more challenging real-world scenarios. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Kui Jia

Deep Learning models have shown remarkable performance in a broad range of vision tasks. However, they are often vulnerable against domain shifts at test-time. Test-time training (TTT) methods have been developed in an attempt to mitigate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim , David Osowiechi , Mehrdad Noori , Milad Cheraghalikhani , Ismail Ben Ayed , Christian Desrosiers

Finetuning on domain-specific data is a well-established method for enhancing LLM performance on downstream tasks. Training on each dataset produces a new set of model weights, resulting in a multitude of checkpoints saved in-house or on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Sofia Maria Lo Cicero Vaina , Artem Chumachenko , Max Ryabinin

Recent empirical studies have explored the idea of continuing to train a model at test-time for a given task, known as test-time training (TTT), and have found it to yield significant performance improvements. However, there is limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jonas Hübotter , Patrik Wolf , Alexander Shevchenko , Dennis Jüni , Andreas Krause , Gil Kur

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing the generalizability of models. However, existing mainstream TTA methods, predominantly operating at batch level, often exhibit suboptimal performance in complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Teng Xiao , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

We study the problem of continual test-time adaption where the goal is to adapt a source pre-trained model to a sequence of unlabelled target domains at test time. Existing methods on test-time training suffer from several limitations: (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Kien X. Nguyen , Fengchun Qiao , Xi Peng
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