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Subsynchronous oscillations (SSOs) involving grid-following converters (GFLCs) connected to weak grids are a relatively new phenomena observed in modern power systems. SSOs are further exacerbated when grids become weaker because lines are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-13 Sina Ameli , Lilan Karunaratne , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri , Constantino Lagoa

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

Many countries' policies have shifted rapidly towards using renewable energy for climate reasons. As a result, inverter-based resources are beginning to dominate power systems. Key elements for managing the loss of conventional generators…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-24 Waleed Breesam , Stefan M. Goetz

The rapid rise in inverter-based renewable resources has heightened concerns over subsynchronous resonance and oscillations, thereby challenging grid stability. This paper reviews approaches to identify and mitigate these issues, focusing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-16 Shuvangkar Chandra Das , Lokesh Saravana , Le Minh Vu , Manh Bui , Tuyen Vu , Jianhua Zhang , Thomas Ortmeyer

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

The expansion of inverter-connected generation facilities (i.e. wind and photovoltaics) and the removal of conventional power plants is necessary to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Whereas conventional generation with large rotating…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-01-20 Philipp C. Böttcher , Andreas Otto , Stefan Kettemann , Carsten Agert

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

We present a distributed and price-based control approach for frequency regulation in power grids with nonzero line conductances. Both grid and controller are modeled as a port-Hamiltonian system, where the grid model consists of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-20 Lukas Kölsch , Kirtan Bhatt , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

Large-scale integration of renewables in power systems gives rise to new challenges for keeping synchronization and frequency stability in volatile and uncertain power flow states. To ensure the safety of operation, the system must maintain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-21 Chao Duan , Pratyush Chakraborty , Takashi Nishikawa , Adilson E. Motter

The renewable energy is connected to the power grid through power electronic converters, which are lack of make the inertia of synchronous generator/machine (SM) be lost. The increasing penetration of renewable energy in power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-15 Yuan Gao , Hai-Peng Ren , Jie Li

We propose a framework to engineer synthetic-inertia and droop-control parameters for distributed energy resources (DERs) so that the system frequency in a network composed of DERs and synchronous generators conforms to prescribed transient…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Swaroop S. Guggilam , Changhong Zhao , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Yu Christine Chen , Sairaj V. Dhople

The frequency stability of a power system is of paramount importance, as a fast frequency swings in the system can lead to oscillatory instability, and thereby blackouts. A grid-connected microgrid, that can operate in the islanded mode can…

Microgrids are increasingly recognized as a key technology for the integration of distributed energy resources into the power network, allowing local clusters of load and distributed energy resources to operate autonomously. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Jeremy Watson , Yemi Ojo , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

As renewable resources gradually replace conventional generation based synchronous machines, the dynamics of the modern grid changes significantly and the system synchronous inertia decreases substantially. This transformation poses severe…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li

Inter-area oscillations in bulk power systems are typically poorly controllable by means of local decentralized control. Recent research efforts have been aimed at developing wide- area control strategies that involve communication of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-11-13 Florian Dörfler , Mihailo R. Jovanovic , Michael Chertkov , Francesco Bullo

With more inverter-based resources (IBRs), our power systems have lower frequency nadirs following N-1 contingencies, and undesired under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) can occur. To address this challenge, IBRs can be programmed to provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-29 Shuan Dong , Xin Fang , Jin Tan , Ningchao Gao , Xiaofan Cui , Anderson Hoke

In this paper, we present a model-based frequency controller for microgrids with nonzero line resistances based on a port-Hamiltonian formulation of the microgrid model and real-time dynamic pricing. The controller is applicable for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-09 Lukas Kölsch , Manuel Dupuis , Kirtan Bhatt , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

This paper presents a novel grid-forming voltage control strategy for a battery energy storage system to maintain balanced three-phase output voltages when serving unbalanced loads. A stationary reference frame ($\alpha \beta$) based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-23 Bei Xu , Victor Paduani , Hui Yu , David Lubkeman , Ning Lu

This paper presents a new distributed control framework to coordinate inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs) in island microgrids. We show that under bounded load uncertainties, the proposed control method can steer the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-02-09 Chin-Yao Chang , Wei Zhang

Traditionally, inertia in power systems has been determined by considering all the rotating masses directly connected to the grid. During the last decade, the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic installations and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 Ana Fernández-Guillamón , Emilio Gómez-Lázaro , Eduard Muljadi , Angel Molina-García