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This letter proposes a simple and inexpensive technique to improve the frequency control of distributed energy resources. The proposed control consists in modifying the conventional estimated bus frequency signal with an additional feedback…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-01 Federico Milano , Bibi Alhanjari , Georgios Tzounas

Modern power systems present low levels of inertia due to the growing shares of converter-interfaced generation. Consequently, renewable energy sources are increasingly requested to provide frequency support. In addition, due to the inertia…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-23 Joakim Björk , Daniel Vázquez Pombo , Karl Henrik Johansson

The AC frequency in electrical power systems is conventionally regulated by synchronous machines. The gradual replacement of these machines by asynchronous renewable-based generation, which provides little or no frequency control, increases…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-13 Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

Implementing frequency response using grid-connected inverters is one of the popular proposed alternatives to mitigate the dynamic degradation experienced in low inertia power systems. However, such solution faces several challenges as…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

Grid-forming (GFM) converters are generally expected to exhibit low impedance near the fundamental frequency due to their voltage-source behavior. However, an impedance peak and a negative-resistance region are consistently observed in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Chao Wu , Jinhao Wang , Yong Wang , Changjiang Zhan , Frede Blaabjerg

Grid-forming control (GFC) has seen numerous technological advances in their control types, applications, and the multitude of services they provide. Some examples of the services they provide include black start, inertial frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Sulav Ghimire , Kanakesh V Kkuni , Simon C Jakobsen , Thyge Knueppel , Kim H Jensen , Emerson Guest , Tonny W Rasmussen , Guangya Yang

The growing integration of renewable energy sources into distribution networks poses significant challenges to frequency and voltage stability due to their intermittent nature and low-inertia dynamics. This paper proposes a multilevel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Xian Wu , Jan H. van Schuppen , Hai Xiang Lin

The stability of complex networks, from power grids to biological systems, is crucial for their proper functioning. It is thus important to control such systems to maintain or restore their stability. Traditional approaches rely on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-23 Yuzhen Qin , Fabio Pasqualetti , Danielle S. Bassett , Marcel van Gerven

Deviations of grid frequency from the nominal frequency are an indicator of the global imbalance between genera- tion and load. Two types of control, a distributed propor- tional control and a centralized integral control, are cur- rently…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-11-20 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Michael Chertkov , Scott Backhaus

In modern power systems, shiftable loads contribute to the flexibility needed to increase robustness and ensure security. Thermal loads are among the most promising candidates for providing such service due to the large thermal storage time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-01 Johanna Vorwerk , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Evangelos Vrettos , Gabriela Hug

With the gradual transformation of power generation towards renewables, distributed energy resources are becoming more and more relevant for grid stabilization. In order to involve all participants in the joint solution of this challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-18 Lukas Kölsch , Katharina Wieninger , Stefan Krebs , Sören Hohmann

The electric power system is witnessing a shift in the technology of generation. Conventional thermal generation based on synchronous machines is gradually being replaced by power electronics interfaced renewable generation. This new mode…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-24 Bala Kameshwar Poolla , Dominic Groß , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents a robust secondary control strategy for frequency synchronization and active power sharing for inverter-based microgrids. The problem is addressed in a multi-agent fashion where the local controllers of the distributed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-27 Milad Gholami , Gianni Bianchini , Antonio Vicino

This paper introduces a control strategy to simultaneously achieve asymptotic stabilization and transient frequency regulation of power networks. The control command is generated by iteratively solving an open-loop control cost minimization…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-13 Yifu Zhang , Jorge Cortes

We consider the problem of designing learning-based reactive power controllers that perform voltage regulation in distribution grids while ensuring closed-loop system stability. In contrast to existing methods, where the provably stable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Zhenyi Yuan , Jie Feng , Yuanyuan Shi , Jorge Cortés

Grid-interfacing inverters act as the interface between renewable resources and the electric grid, and have the potential to offer fast and programmable controls compared to synchronous generators. With this flexibility there has been…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

A multi-input multi-output based grid-forming (MIMO-GFM) converter has been proposed using multivariable feedback control, which has been proven as a superior and robust system using low-order controllers. However, the original MIMO-GFM…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Frede Blaabjerg

In this paper, we propose a formal controller synthesis approach for integrating a population of plug-in electric vehicles in frequency regulation of power systems. This approach is the first application of formal methods to the smart grids…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-16 Ben Wooding , Vahid Vahidinasab , Sadegh Soudjani

As electric power systems evolve towards decarbonization, the transition to inverter-based resources (IBRs) presents challenges to grid stability, necessitating innovative control solutions. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) emerges as a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-08 Jingzhe Xu , Weihua Zhou , Behrooz Bahrani
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