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This work initiates the study of a beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)-aided transmitter architecture for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band. Deploying BD-RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) hold significant promise for enhancing physical layer security (PLS). However, conventional RISs are typically modeled using diagonal scattering matrices, capturing only independent reflections…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Weijie Xiong , Jingran Lin , Cunhua Pan , Yilong Zeng , Qiang Li

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has arisen as a promising technology for enhancing wireless communication systems by enabling flexible and intelligent wave manipulation. This is achieved through the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-22 Ziang Liu , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a family of RIS architectures more flexible than conventional RIS. While BD-RIS has been primarily analyzed assuming uni-polarized systems, modern wireless deployments are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have been actively researched as a potential technique for future wireless communications, which intelligently ameliorate the signal propagation environment. In the conventional design, each RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Ibrahim Hemadeh , Arman Shojaeifard , Alain A. M. Mourad , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) are conventionally implemented as two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetic (EM) structures to steer incident waves toward desired reflection angles. This approach limits the reflection to a single…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-16 Ruiqi Wang , Yiming Yang , Atif Shamim

This letter focuses on a transmitter or base station (BS) side beyond-diagonal reflecting intelligent surface (BD-RIS) deployment strategy to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of a time-division-duplex massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Anup Mishra , Yijie Mao , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) are emerging as a transformative technology in wireless communications, enabling enhanced performance and quality of service (QoS) of wireless systems in harsh urban environments…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Marko Fidanovski , Iván Alexander Morales Sandoval , Hyeon Seok Rou , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) or Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) are metasurfaces that can be deployed in various places in wireless environments to make these environments controllable and reconfigurable. In this paper,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-22 S. Mohammad Razavizadeh , Tommy Svensson

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) consists of a large number of low-cost elements that can control the propagation environment seen from a transmitter by intelligently applying phase shifts to impinging signals before reflection.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-14 Parisa Ramezani , Maksym A. Girnyk , Emil Björnson

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are envisioned as a promising technology for future wireless communication systems due to their ability to control the propagation environment in a hardware- and energy-efficient way. Recently, the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Zheyu Wu , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RIS) has emerged as a promising evolution of RIS technology. By enabling interconnections between RIS elements, BD-RIS architectures offer greater flexibility in wave manipulation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Kangchun Zhao , Yijie Mao

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing wireless communication by intelligently manipulating the propagation environment. This paper explores the potential of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-21 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

A novel dual-band reconfigurable intelligent surface (DBI-RIS) design that combines the functionalities of millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-6 GHz bands within a single aperture is proposed. This design aims to bridge the gap between current…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-06 Junhui Rao , Yujie Zhang , Shiwen Tang , Zan Li , Zhaoyang Ming , Jichen Zhang , Chi Yuk Chiu , Ross Murch

This paper delves into the unexplored frequency-dependent characteristics of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs). A generalized practical frequency-dependent reflection model is proposed as a fundamental framework…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-25 Arthur S. de Sena , Mehdi Rasti , Nurul H. Mahmood , Matti Latva-aho

The parametrization of wireless channels by so-called "beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces" (BD-RIS) is mathematically characterized by a matrix whose off-diagonal entries are partially or fully populated. Physically, this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-31 Philipp del Hougne

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has garnered significant research interest recently due to its ability to generalize existing reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) architectures and provide enhanced…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao