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Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Enabled Sensing: Cramer-Rao Bound Optimization

Signal Processing 2025-08-18 v1 Information Theory math.IT

Abstract

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over the conventional RIS in communication has been revealed in many works, its gain in 6G sensing is still unknown. This motivates us to study the BD-RIS assisted sensing in this letter. Specifically, we derive the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for estimating the angle-of-arrival (AOA) from the target to the BD-RIS under the constraint that the BD-RIS scattering matrix is unitary. To minimize the CRB, we develop an optimization scheme based on an adaptive Riemannian steepest ascent algorithm that can satisfy the non-convex unitary constraint. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed BD-RIS-assisted target localization method achieves superior sensing performance.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2508.11292,
  title  = {Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Enabled Sensing: Cramer-Rao Bound Optimization},
  author = {Xiaoqi Zhang and Liang Liu and Shuowen Zhang and Haijun Zhang},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.11292},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

to appear in IEEE Wireless Communications Letters

R2 v1 2026-07-01T04:51:16.286Z