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Lionel Levine's hat challenge has $t$ players, each with a (very large, or infinite) stack of hats on their head, each hat independently colored at random black or white. The players are allowed to coordinate before the random colors are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-10 Ehud Friedgut , Gil Kalai , Guy Kindler

The Levine hat game requires $n$ players, each wearing an infinite random stack of black and white hats, to guess the location of a black hat on their own head seeing only the hats worn by all the other players. They are allowed a strategy…

We consider Lionel Levine's notorious hat puzzle with two players. Each player has a stack of hats on their head, and each hat is chosen independently to be either black or white. After observing only the other player's hats, players…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-13 Steven Heilman , Omer Tamuz

A team of players plays the following game. After a strategy session, each player is randomly fitted with a blue or red hat. Then, without further communication, everybody can try to guess simultaneously his or her own hat color by looking…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-05-27 Rani Hod , Marcin Krzywkowski

We study the Levine hat problem, a cooperative puzzle introduced by Lionel Levine in 2010, in which $n \geq 2$ players must simultaneously identify a black hat on their own infinite stack, each seeing only their teammates' stacks. While the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-21 Clément Bouquet , Salah Chikhi , Timothé Charles , Yanghao Zhou , Eric Wang

In this article, we look at a hat-guessing game, in which each player must guess the color of their own hat while only seeing the hats of the other players. We focus on the case of two hat colors and a countably infinite number of players.…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-28 Nathaniel Eldredge

Consider the following hat guessing game: $n$ players are placed on $n$ vertices of a graph, each wearing a hat whose color is arbitrarily chosen from a set of $q$ possible colors. Each player can see the hat colors of his neighbors, but…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-16 Noga Alon , Omri Ben-Eliezer , Chong Shangguan , Itzhak Tamo

Hat problems have recently become a popular topic in combinatorics and discrete mathematics. These have been shown to be strongly related to coding theory, network coding, and auctions. We consider the following version of the hat game,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-11-11 Maximilien Gadouleau , Nicholas Georgiou

We generalize Ebert's Hat Problem for three persons and three colors. All players guess simultaneously the color of their own hat observing only the hat colors of the other players. It is also allowed for each player to pass: no color is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Theo van Uem

A puzzle about prisoners trying to identify the color of a hat on their head leads to a version where there are k more hats than prisoners. This generalized puzzle is related to the independence number of the arrangement graph A(m, n) and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-25 Rob Pratt , Stan Wagon , Michael Wiener , Piotr Zielinski

Winning probabilities of The Hat Game (Ebert's Hat Problem) with three players and three colors are only known in the symmetric case: all probabilities of the colors are equal. This paper solves the asymmetric case: probabilities may be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-25 Theo van Uem

Let $G$ be a graph with $n$ vertices. The {\em hat guessing number} of $G$ is defined in terms of the following game: There are $n$ players and one opponent. The opponent will wear one of the $q$ hats of different colors on the player's…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-02-09 Lanchao Wang , Yaojun Chen

We analyze the following version of the deterministic \hats game. We have a graph $G$, and a sage resides at each vertex of $G$. When the game starts, an adversary puts on the head of each sage a hat of a color arbitrarily chosen from a set…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-09 Aleksei Latyshev , Konstantin Kokhas

N players are randomly fitted with a colored hat (q different colors). All players guess simultaneously the color of their own hat observing only the hat colors of the other N-1 players. The team wins if all players guess right. No…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-25 Theo van Uem

The hat guessing number $HG(G)$ of a graph $G$ on $n$ vertices is defined in terms of the following game: $n$ players are placed on the $n$ vertices of $G$, each wearing a hat whose color is arbitrarily chosen from a set of $q$ possible…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-22 Noga Alon , Jeremy Chizewer

This paper studies Ebert's hat problem with four players and two colors, where the probabilities of the colors may be different for each player. Our goal is to maximize the probability of winning the game and to describe winning strategies…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-26 Theo van Uem

We study a cooperative game in which each member of a team of $N$ players, wearing coloured hats and situated at the vertices of a cycle graph $C_N$, is guessing their own hat colour merely on the basis of observing the hats worn by their…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-01 Witold W. Szczechla

We initiate the study of the hat guessing number of a graph where the adversary is only allowed to provide a proper coloring of the graph. This is the largest number $q$ for which there is a guessing strategy on each vertex that only…

Assume $n$ players are placed on the $n$ vertices of a graph $G$. The following game was introduced by Winkler: An adversary puts a hat on each player, where each hat has a colour out of $q$ available colours. The players can see the hat of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-20 Charlotte Knierim , Anders Martinsson , Raphael Steiner

This paper studies Ebert's hat problem for three and four players and two colors, where the probabilities of the colors may be different for each player. Our goal is to maximize the probability of winning the game and to describe winning…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-27 Theo van Uem
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