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In this work, we establish near-linear and strong convergence for a natural first-order iterative algorithm that simulates Von Neumann's Alternating Projections method in zero-sum games. First, we provide a precise analysis of Optimistic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-18 Ioannis Anagnostides , Paolo Penna

We study the alternating gradient descent-ascent (AltGDA) algorithm in two-player zero-sum games. Alternating methods, where players take turns to update their strategies, have long been recognized as simple and practical approaches for…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tianlong Nan , Shuvomoy Das Gupta , Garud Iyengar , Christian Kroer

Self-play via online learning is one of the premier ways to solve large-scale two-player zero-sum games, both in theory and practice. Particularly popular algorithms include optimistic multiplicative weights update (OMWU) and optimistic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yang Cai , Gabriele Farina , Julien Grand-Clément , Christian Kroer , Chung-Wei Lee , Haipeng Luo , Weiqiang Zheng

We focus on the design of algorithms for finding equilibria in 2-player zero-sum games. Although it is well known that such problems can be solved by a single linear program, there has been a surge of interest in recent years for simpler…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Michail Fasoulakis , Evangelos Markakis , Giorgos Roussakis , Christodoulos Santorinaios

Optimistic Gradient Descent Ascent (OGDA) and Optimistic Multiplicative Weights Update (OMWU) for saddle-point optimization have received growing attention due to their favorable last-iterate convergence. However, their behaviors for simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Chen-Yu Wei , Chung-Wei Lee , Mengxiao Zhang , Haipeng Luo

The study of learning in games has thus far focused primarily on normal form games. In contrast, our understanding of learning in extensive form games (EFGs) and particularly in EFGs with many agents lags far behind, despite them being…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Georgios Piliouras , Lillian Ratliff , Ryann Sim , Stratis Skoulakis

Last-iterate convergence has received extensive study in two player zero-sum games starting from bilinear, convex-concave up to settings that satisfy the MVI condition. Typical methods that exhibit last-iterate convergence for the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Yi Feng , Hu Fu , Qun Hu , Ping Li , Ioannis Panageas , Bo Peng , Xiao Wang

In this work, we establish a frequency-domain framework for analyzing gradient-based algorithms in linear minimax optimization problems; specifically, our approach is based on the Z-transform, a powerful tool applied in Control Theory and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-08 Ioannis Anagnostides , Paolo Penna

Motivated by Generative Adversarial Networks, we study the computation of Nash equilibrium in concave network zero-sum games (NZSGs), a multiplayer generalization of two-player zero-sum games first proposed with linear payoffs. Extending…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Amit Kadan , Hu Fu

Most of the literature on learning in games has focused on the restrictive setting where the underlying repeated game does not change over time. Much less is known about the convergence of no-regret learning algorithms in dynamic multiagent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ioannis Anagnostides , Ioannis Panageas , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

We show that, for any sufficiently small fixed $\epsilon > 0$, when both players in a general-sum two-player (bimatrix) game employ optimistic mirror descent (OMD) with smooth regularization, learning rate $\eta = O(\epsilon^2)$ and $T =…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Ioannis Anagnostides , Gabriele Farina , Ioannis Panageas , Tuomas Sandholm

We introduce a new algorithm for the numerical computation of Nash equilibria of competitive two-player games. Our method is a natural generalization of gradient descent to the two-player setting where the update is given by the Nash…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-02 Florian Schäfer , Anima Anandkumar

We introduce a generalization of zero-sum network multiagent matrix games and prove that alternating gradient descent converges to the set of Nash equilibria at rate $O(1/T)$ for this set of games. Alternating gradient descent obtains this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-07 James P. Bailey

The two-timescale gradient descent-ascent (GDA) is a canonical gradient algorithm designed to find Nash equilibria in min-max games. We analyze the two-timescale GDA by investigating the effects of learning rate ratios on convergence…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-13 Jing An , Jianfeng Lu

Many recent AI architectures are inspired by zero-sum games, however, the behavior of their dynamics is still not well understood. Inspired by this, we study standard gradient descent ascent (GDA) dynamics in a specific class of non-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-14 Lampros Flokas , Emmanouil-Vasileios Vlatakis-Gkaragkounis , Georgios Piliouras

We consider differentiable games where the goal is to find a Nash equilibrium. The machine learning community has recently started using variants of the gradient method (GD). Prime examples are extragradient (EG), the optimistic gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Waïss Azizian , Ioannis Mitliagkas , Simon Lacoste-Julien , Gauthier Gidel

Motivated by applications in Game Theory, Optimization, and Generative Adversarial Networks, recent work of Daskalakis et al \cite{DISZ17} and follow-up work of Liang and Stokes \cite{LiangS18} have established that a variant of the widely…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-30 Constantinos Daskalakis , Ioannis Panageas

Feedback delays are inevitable in real-world multi-agent learning. They are known to severely degrade performance, and the convergence rate under delayed feedback is still unclear, even for bilinear games. This paper derives the rate of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yuma Fujimoto , Kenshi Abe , Kaito Ariu

Motivated by the pursuit of a systematic computational and algorithmic understanding of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), we present a simple yet unified non-asymptotic local convergence theory for smooth two-player games, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-27 Tengyuan Liang , James Stokes

Min-max optimization problems (i.e., min-max games) have attracted a great deal of attention recently as their applicability to a wide range of machine learning problems has become evident. In this paper, we study min-max games with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Denizalp Goktas , Amy Greenwald
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