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We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend

This paper establishes a comprehensive approximation result for deep fully-connected neural networks with commonly-used and general activation functions in Sobolev spaces $W^{n,\infty}$, with errors measured in the $W^{m,p}$-norm for $m <…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yahong Yang , Juncai He

In this paper, we prove the universal consistency of wide and deep ReLU neural network classifiers trained on the logistic loss. We also give sufficient conditions for a class of probability measures for which classifiers based on neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-01 Hyunouk Ko , Xiaoming Huo

Training a one-node neural network with ReLU activation function (One-Node-ReLU) is a fundamental optimization problem in deep learning. In this paper, we begin with proving the NP-hardness of training One-Node-ReLU. We then present an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-23 Santanu S. Dey , Guanyi Wang , Yao Xie

Quantile regression is the task of estimating a specified percentile response, such as the median, from a collection of known covariates. We study quantile regression with rectified linear unit (ReLU) neural networks as the chosen model…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-21 Oscar Hernan Madrid Padilla , Wesley Tansey , Yanzhen Chen

Researchers have proposed various activation functions. These activation functions help the deep network to learn non-linear behavior with a significant effect on training dynamics and task performance. The performance of these activations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Pravendra Singh , Munender Varshney , Vinay P. Namboodiri

We introduce a Banach space-valued extension of random feature learning, a data-driven supervised machine learning technique for large-scale kernel approximation. By randomly initializing the feature maps, only the linear readout needs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ariel Neufeld , Philipp Schmocker

In this paper we investigate formal verification of extracted rules for Neural Networks under a complexity theoretic point of view. A rule is a global property or a pattern concerning a large portion of the input space of a network. These…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Adrian Wurm

Amongst others, the adoption of Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) is regarded as one of the ingredients of the success of deep learning. ReLU activation has been shown to mitigate the vanishing gradient issue, to encourage sparsity in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-14 Nicola Picchiotti , Marco Gori

Real world recommendation systems influence a constantly growing set of domains. With deep networks, that now drive such systems, recommendations have been more relevant to the user's interests and tasks. However, they may not always be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Gil I. Shamir , Dong Lin

At its core, machine learning seeks to train models that reliably generalize beyond noisy observations; however, the theoretical vacuum in which state-of-the-art universal approximation theorems (UATs) operate isolates them from this goal,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-03 Anastasis Kratsios , Tin Sum Cheng , Daniel Roy

The implicit bias induced by the training of neural networks has become a topic of rigorous study. In the limit of gradient flow and gradient descent with appropriate step size, it has been shown that when one trains a deep linear network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Thien Le , Stefanie Jegelka

A proper initialization of the weights in a neural network is critical to its convergence. Current insights into weight initialization come primarily from linear activation functions. In this paper, I develop a theory for weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-04 Siddharth Krishna Kumar

In this paper we approach the problem of unique and stable identifiability of generic deep artificial neural networks with pyramidal shape and smooth activation functions from a finite number of input-output samples. More specifically we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Christian Fiedler , Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Michael Rauchensteiner

The practice of deep learning has shown that neural networks generalize remarkably well even with an extreme number of learned parameters. This appears to contradict traditional statistical wisdom, in which a trade-off between model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Yifei Wang , Yixuan Hua , Emmanuel Candés , Mert Pilanci

The goal of this paper is to investigate the theoretical properties, the training algorithm, and the predictive control applications of Echo State Networks (ESNs), a particular kind of Recurrent Neural Networks. First, a condition…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-02-06 Luca Bugliari Armenio , Enrico Terzi , Marcello Farina , Riccardo Scattolini

Deep neural networks' remarkable ability to correctly fit training data when optimized by gradient-based algorithms is yet to be fully understood. Recent theoretical results explain the convergence for ReLU networks that are wider than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Asaf Noy , Yi Xu , Yonathan Aflalo , Lihi Zelnik-Manor , Rong Jin

We consider functions from the real numbers to the real numbers, output by a neural network with 1 hidden activation layer, arbitrary width, and ReLU activation function. We assume that the parameters of the neural network are chosen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-20 David Holmes

Neural networks with REctified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation functions (a.k.a. ReLU networks) have achieved great empirical success in various domains. Nonetheless, existing results for learning ReLU networks either pose assumptions on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-01 Gang Wang , Georgios B. Giannakis , Jie Chen

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are very successful at solving challenging problems with sequential data. However, this observed efficiency is not yet entirely explained by theory. It is known that a certain class of multiplicative RNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Valentin Khrulkov , Oleksii Hrinchuk , Ivan Oseledets