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Mathematical problem generation (MPG) is a significant research direction in the field of intelligent education. In recent years, the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has enabled new technological approaches to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yifei Sun , Yongan Li , A. K. Qin , Sicheng Hou , Tamas Pflanzner

Prior research has shown variational autoencoders (VAEs) to be useful for generating and blending game levels by learning latent representations of existing level data. We build on such models by exploring the level design affordances and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Anurag Sarkar , Zhihan Yang , Seth Cooper

Expressive range analysis is a visualization-based technique used to evaluate the performance of generative models, particularly in game level generation. It typically employs two quantifiable metrics to position generated artifacts on a 2D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Mahsa Bazzaz , Seth Cooper

This work introduces World-GAN, the first method to perform data-driven Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning in Minecraft from a single example. Based on a 3D Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) architecture, we are able to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Maren Awiszus , Frederik Schubert , Bodo Rosenhahn

This paper describes a method for generative player modeling and its application to the automatic testing of game content using archetypal player models called procedural personas. Theoretically grounded in psychological decision theory,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-21 Christoffer Holmgård , Michael Cerny Green , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius

Although automated test generation is common in many programming domains, games still challenge test generators due to their heavy randomisation and hard-to-reach program states. Neuroevolution combined with search-based software testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Patric Feldmeier , Gordon Fraser

This paper introduces the Procedural Content Generation Benchmark for evaluating generative algorithms on different game content creation tasks. The benchmark comes with 12 game-related problems with multiple variants on each problem.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ahmed Khalifa , Roberto Gallotta , Matthew Barthet , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Procedural content generation (PCG) has recently become one of the hottest topics in computational intelligence and AI game researches. Among a variety of PCG techniques, search-based approaches overwhelmingly dominate PCG development at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-10-10 Jonathan Roberts , Ke Chen

Most existing sequence generation models produce outputs in one pass, usually left-to-right. However, this is in contrast with a more natural approach that humans use in generating content; iterative refinement and editing. Recent work has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Machel Reid , Graham Neubig

Text-to-level generation aims to translate natural language descriptions into structured game levels, enabling intuitive control over procedural content generation. While prior text-to-level generators are typically limited to a single game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 In-Chang Baek , Jiyun Jung , Geum-Hwan Hwang , Sung-Hyun Kim , Kyung-Joong Kim

Machine Learning techniques have been used to teach computer programs how to play games as complicated as Chess and Go. These were achieved using powerful tools such as Neural Networks and Parallel Computing on Supercomputers. In this…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-12-01 Pedro M. F. Pereira

This paper focuses on procedurally generating rules and communicating them to players to adjust the difficulty. This is part of a larger project to collect and adapt games in educational games for young children using a digital puzzle game…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Thomas Volden , Djordje Grbic , Paolo Burelli

We introduce Adaptive Procedural Task Generation (APT-Gen), an approach to progressively generate a sequence of tasks as curricula to facilitate reinforcement learning in hard-exploration problems. At the heart of our approach, a task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Kuan Fang , Yuke Zhu , Silvio Savarese , Li Fei-Fei

We present an approach to generate novel computer game levels that blend different game concepts in an unsupervised fashion. Our primary contribution is an analogical reasoning process to construct blends between level design models learned…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-03-10 Matthew Guzdial , Mark Riedl

Recently, the emergence of large language models (LLMs) has unlocked new opportunities for procedural content generation. However, recent attempts mainly focus on level generation for specific games with defined game rules such as Super…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Chengpeng Hu , Yunlong Zhao , Jialin Liu

Automatic generation of level maps is a popular form of automatic content generation. In this study, a recently developed technique employing the {\em do what's possible} representation is used to create open-ended level maps. Generation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Daniel Ashlock , Christoph Salge

Attacking Neural Machine Translation models is an inherently combinatorial task on discrete sequences, solved with approximate heuristics. Most methods use the gradient to attack the model on each sample independently. Instead of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Badr Youbi Idrissi , Stéphane Clinchant

Generating high-resolution, photo-realistic images has been a long-standing goal in machine learning. Recently, Nguyen et al. (2016) showed one interesting way to synthesize novel images by performing gradient ascent in the latent space of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-04-13 Anh Nguyen , Jeff Clune , Yoshua Bengio , Alexey Dosovitskiy , Jason Yosinski

With increasing interest in procedural content generation by academia and game developers alike, it is vital that different approaches can be compared fairly. However, evaluating procedurally generated video game levels is often difficult,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Michael Beukman , Steven James , Christopher Cleghorn

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) enables game content to be created algorithmically without direct manual level-design effort, but it introduces a serious evaluation problem: generated content may become unbalanced, blocked, repetitive,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rishabh Kar