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A Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) approach leverages generative AI to enhance personalized learning by directly integrating student feedback into AI-generated solutions. Students critique and modify AI responses using predefined feedback tags,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Bhavishya Tarun , Haoze Du , Dinesh Kannan , Edward F. Gehringer

AI tools, particularly large language modules, have recently proven their effectiveness within learning management systems and online education programmes. As feedback continues to play a crucial role in learning and assessment in schools,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ievgeniia Kuzminykh , Tareita Nawaz , Shihao Shenzhang , Bogdan Ghita , Jeffery Raphael , Hannan Xiao

Learning performance data describe correct and incorrect answers or problem-solving attempts in adaptive learning, such as in intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). Learning performance data tend to be highly sparse (80\%\(\sim\)90\% missing…

Autograding short textual answers has become much more feasible due to the rise of NLP and the increased availability of question-answer pairs brought about by a shift to online education. Autograding performance is still inferior to human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Johannes Schneider , Robin Richner , Micha Riser

Self-rationalization models that predict task labels and generate free-text elaborations for their predictions could enable more intuitive interaction with NLP systems. These models are, however, currently trained with a large amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Ana Marasović , Iz Beltagy , Doug Downey , Matthew E. Peters

Automatic grading is not a new approach but the need to adapt the latest technology to automatic grading has become very important. As the technology has rapidly became more powerful on scoring exams and essays, especially from the 1990s…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Neslihan Suzen , Alexander Gorban , Jeremy Levesley , Evgeny Mirkes

Coaching, which involves classroom observation and expert feedback, is a widespread and fundamental part of teacher training. However, the majority of teachers do not have access to consistent, high quality coaching due to limited resources…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Rose E. Wang , Dorottya Demszky

End of semester student evaluations of teaching are the dominant mechanism for providing feedback to academics on their teaching practice. For large classes, however, the volume of feedback makes these tools impractical for this purpose.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Mike Zhang , Euan D Lindsay , Frederik Bode Thorbensen , Danny Bøgsted Poulsen , Johannes Bjerva

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate formative feedback and instructional hints in English, making them increasingly relevant for AI-assisted education. However, their ability to provide effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Junior Cedric Tonga , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Kaushal Kumar Maurya , Fajri Koto , Ekaterina Kochmar

Many recent advances in natural language generation have been fueled by training large language models on internet-scale data. However, this paradigm can lead to models that generate toxic, inaccurate, and unhelpful content, and automatic…

The automatic generation of hints by Large Language Models (LLMs) within Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) has shown potential to enhance student learning. However, generating pedagogically sound hints that address student misconceptions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Junior Cedric Tonga , Benjamin Clement , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Human communication often involves information gaps between the interlocutors. For example, in an educational dialogue, a student often provides an answer that is incomplete, and there is a gap between this answer and the perfect one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Roni Rabin , Alexandre Djerbetian , Roee Engelberg , Lidan Hackmon , Gal Elidan , Reut Tsarfaty , Amir Globerson

This paper presents a simple and cost-effective method for synthesizing data to train question-answering systems. For training, fine-tuning GPT models is a common practice in resource-rich languages like English, however, it becomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Kosuke Takahashi , Takahiro Omi , Kosuke Arima , Tatsuya Ishigaki

Tutoring is an effective instructional method for enhancing student learning, yet its success relies on the skill and experience of the tutors. This reliance presents challenges for the widespread implementation of tutoring, particularly in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Chentianye Xu , Jionghao Lin , Tongshuang Wu , Vincent Aleven , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Automated feedback generation plays a crucial role in enhancing personalized learning experiences in computer science education. Among different types of feedback, next-step hint feedback is particularly important, as it provides students…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Anastasiia Birillo , Aleksei Rostovskii , Yaroslav Golubev , Hieke Keuning

Generative AI has the potential to enhance education by providing personalized feedback to students at scale. Recent work has proposed techniques to improve AI-generated programming hints and has evaluated their performance based on…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Tung Phung , Mengyan Wu , Heeryung Choi , Gustavo Soares , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla , Christopher Brooks

The development of Automatic Question Generation (QG) models has the potential to significantly improve educational practices by reducing the teacher workload associated with creating educational content. This paper introduces a novel…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Ziqing Li , Mutlu Cukurova , Sahan Bulathwela

Large language models (LLMs) are flexible, personalizable, and available, which makes their use within Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) appealing. However, that flexibility creates risks: inaccuracies, harmful content, and non-curricular…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Zachary Levonian , Owen Henkel

Providing feedback is widely recognized as crucial for refining students' writing skills. Recent advances in language models (LMs) have made it possible to automatically generate feedback that is actionable and well-aligned with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Inderjeet Nair , Jiaye Tan , Xiaotian Su , Anne Gere , Xu Wang , Lu Wang

Digital technologies are increasingly used in education to reduce the workload of teachers and students. However, creating open-ended study or examination questions and grading their answers is still a tedious task. This thesis presents the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Gérôme Meyer , Philip Breuer