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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. The progression and severity of MS varies by individual, but it is generally a disabling disease. Although medications have been developed to…

Applications · Statistics 2013-03-06 Joyce C. Ho , Joydeep Ghosh , KP Unnikrishnan

There is tremendous interest in precision medicine as a means to improve patient outcomes by tailoring treatment to individual characteristics. An individualized treatment rule formalizes precision medicine as a map from patient information…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-28 Daniel J. Luckett , Eric B. Laber , Michael R. Kosorok

Zoonotic diseases are a major cause of morbidity, and productivity losses in both humans and animal populations. Identifying the source of food-borne zoonoses (e.g. an animal reservoir or food product) is crucial for the identification and…

Applications · Statistics 2017-07-05 Poppy Miller , Jonathan Marshall , Nigel French , Chris Jewell

Causal inference plays an important role in explanatory analysis and decision making across various fields like statistics, marketing, health care, and education. Its main task is to estimate treatment effects and make intervention…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-22 Yingrong Wang , Haoxuan Li , Minqin Zhu , Anpeng Wu , Ruoxuan Xiong , Fei Wu , Kun Kuang

Electronic medical records (EMR) contain longitudinal information about patients that can be used to analyze outcomes. Typically, studies on EMR data have worked with established variables that have already been acknowledged to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-30 Prithwish Chakraborty , Vishrawas Gopalakrishnan , Sharon M. H. Alford , Faisal Farooq

Individual treatment effects are not point-identified from data. The Probability of Necessity and Sufficiency (PNS) circumvents this limitation by characterizing individual-level causality through intersection bounds derived from combined…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Gandharv Patil , Keyi Tang , Raquel Aoki , Leo Guelman

Extrinsic environmental factors influence the distribution and population dynamics of many organisms, including insects that are of concern for human health and agriculture. This is particularly true for vector-borne infectious diseases,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2015-03-31 Leah R. Johnson , Tal Ben-Horin , Kevin D. Lafferty , Amy McNally , Erin Mordecai , Krijn P. Paaijmans , Samraat Pawar , Sadie J. Ryan

A growing literature on human-AI decision-making investigates strategies for combining human judgment with statistical models to improve decision-making. Research in this area often evaluates proposed improvements to models, interfaces, or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Luke Guerdan , Amanda Coston , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Kenneth Holstein

Causal discovery in health data faces evaluation challenges when ground truth is unknown. We address this by collaborating with experts to construct proxy ground-truth graphs, establishing benchmarks for synthetic Alzheimer's disease and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Nitish Nagesh , Elahe Khatibi , Thomas Hughes , Mahdi Bagheri , Pratik Gajane , Amir M. Rahmani

Understanding the causal effects of organ-specific features from medical imaging on clinical outcomes is essential for biomedical research and patient care. We propose a novel Functional Linear Structural Equation Model (FLSEM) to capture…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-29 Ting Li , Ethan Fan , Tengfei Li , Hongtu Zhu

Researchers often have to deal with heterogeneous population with mixed regression relationships, increasingly so in the era of data explosion. In such problems, when there are many candidate predictors, it is not only of interest to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-05 Yan Li , Chun Yu , Yize Zhao , Robert H. Aseltine , Weixin Yao , Kun Chen

We consider a problem of data integration. Consider determining which genes affect a disease. The genes, which we call predictor objects, can be measured in different experiments on the same individual. We address the question of finding…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-10-04 Xin Gao , Raymond J. Carroll

Spurious correlations occur when a model learns unreliable features from the data and are a well-known drawback of data-driven learning. Although there are several algorithms proposed to mitigate it, we are yet to jointly derive the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Gautam Sreekumar , Vishnu Naresh Boddeti

In this paper, we study causal inference when the treatment variable is an aggregation of multiple sub-treatment variables. Researchers often report marginal causal effects for the aggregated treatment, implicitly assuming that the target…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-08 Carolina Caetano , Gregorio Caetano , Brantly Callaway , Derek Dyal

Atherosclerosis is one of the principle pathologies of cardiovascular disease with blood cholesterol a significant risk factor. The World Health Organisation estimates that approximately 2.5 million deaths occur annually due to the risk…

Tissues and Organs · Quantitative Biology 2015-10-08 Andrew Parton , Victoria McGilligan , Maurice OKane , Francina R Baldrick , Steven Watterson

With the rapid development of technology, the automated monitoring systems of large-scale factories are becoming more and more important. By collecting a large amount of machine sensor data, we can have many ways to find anomalies. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Ching Chang , Wen-Chih Peng

We emphasize the importance of asking the right question when interpreting the decisions of a learning model. We discuss a natural extension of the theoretical machinery from Janzing et. al. 2020, which answers the question "Why did my…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-11 Debraj Basu

Telling apart the cause and effect between two random variables with purely observational data is a challenging problem that finds applications in various scientific disciplines. A key principle utilized in this task is the algorithmic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Quang-Duy Tran , Bao Duong , Phuoc Nguyen , Thin Nguyen

Linear structural causal models (SCMs) are used to express and analyse the relationships between random variables. Direct causal effects are represented as directed edges and confounding factors as bidirected edges. Identifying the causal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Aaryan Gupta , Markus Bläser

Omics biomarkers play a pivotal role in personalized medicine by providing molecular-level insights into the etiology of diseases, guiding precise diagnostics, and facilitating targeted therapeutic interventions. Recent advancements in…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-21 Minhao Yao , Zhonghua Liu