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Reinforcement learning (RL) has drawn increasing interests in recent years due to its tremendous success in various applications. However, standard RL algorithms can only be applied for single reward function, and cannot adapt to an unseen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Ziyang Tang , Yihao Feng , Qiang Liu

Model-Free Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms either learn how to map states to expected rewards or search for policies that can maximize a certain performance function. Model-Based algorithms instead, aim to learn an approximation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Juan Cardenas-Cartagena , Massimiliano Falzari , Marco Zullich , Matthia Sabatelli

Soft Q-learning has emerged as a versatile model-free method for entropy-regularised reinforcement learning, optimising for returns augmented with a penalty on the divergence from a reference policy. Despite its success, the multi-step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Pranav Mahajan , Ben Seymour

Deep reinforcement learning is a technique for solving problems in a variety of environments, ranging from Atari video games to stock trading. This method leverages deep neural network models to make decisions based on observations of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Anthony Dowling

Recent advances in batch (offline) reinforcement learning have shown promising results in learning from available offline data and proved offline reinforcement learning to be an essential toolkit in learning control policies in a model-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Ashish Kumar , Ilya Kuzovkin

Two of the leading approaches for model-free reinforcement learning are policy gradient methods and $Q$-learning methods. $Q$-learning methods can be effective and sample-efficient when they work, however, it is not well-understood why they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-16 John Schulman , Xi Chen , Pieter Abbeel

Recent reinforcement learning (RL) methods have substantially enhanced the planning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the theoretical basis for their effectiveness remains elusive. In this work, we investigate RL's benefits…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Siwei Wang , Yifei Shen , Haoran Sun , Shi Feng , Shang-Hua Teng , Li Dong , Yaru Hao , Wei Chen

Dynamic decision-making under distributional shifts is of fundamental interest in theory and applications of reinforcement learning: The distribution of the environment in which the data is collected can differ from that of the environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Shengbo Wang , Nian Si , Jose Blanchet , Zhengyuan Zhou

While contemporary reinforcement learning research and applications have embraced policy gradient methods as the panacea of solving learning problems, value-based methods can still be useful in many domains as long as we can wrangle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Ashwin Ramaswamy , Ransalu Senanayake

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has achieved impressive success in many applications. A key component of many DRL models is a neural network representing a Q function, to estimate the expected cumulative reward following a state-action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-17 Guiliang Liu , Oliver Schulte , Wang Zhu , Qingcan Li

Value-based reinforcement learning (RL) can in principle learn effective policies for a wide range of multi-turn problems, from games to dialogue to robotic control, including via offline RL from static previously collected datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Joey Hong , Anca Dragan , Sergey Levine

Model-free deep reinforcement learning has been shown to exhibit good performance in domains ranging from video games to simulated robotic manipulation and locomotion. However, model-free methods are known to perform poorly when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Tuomas Haarnoja , Vitchyr Pong , Aurick Zhou , Murtaza Dalal , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

This paper is dedicated to the application of reinforcement learning combined with neural networks to the general formulation of user scheduling problem. Our simulator resembles real world problems by means of stochastic changes in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Filipp Skomorokhov , George Ovchinnikov

In value-based reinforcement learning methods such as deep Q-learning, function approximation errors are known to lead to overestimated value estimates and suboptimal policies. We show that this problem persists in an actor-critic setting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Scott Fujimoto , Herke van Hoof , David Meger

In many reinforcement learning (RL) problems, it takes some time until a taken action by the agent reaches its maximum effect on the environment and consequently the agent receives the reward corresponding to that action by a delay called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Hamid Radmard Rahmani , Carsten Koenke , Marco A. Wiering

Q-Learning is a fundamental off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that has the objective of approximating action-value functions in order to learn optimal policies. Nonetheless, it has difficulties in reconciling bias with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Mahammad Humayoo

Unsupervised reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling self-improvement in large language models (LLMs). However, existing unsupervised RL-based methods often lack the capacity to adapt to the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yiming Huang , Zhenbo Shi , Xin-Cheng Wen , Jichuan Zeng , Cuiyun Gao , Peiyi Han , Chuanyi Liu

Q-learning is a popular Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm which is widely used in practice with function approximation (Mnih et al., 2015). In contrast, existing theoretical results are pessimistic about Q-learning. For example, (Baird,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Naman Agarwal , Syomantak Chaudhuri , Prateek Jain , Dheeraj Nagaraj , Praneeth Netrapalli

We study value adaptation in offline-to-online reinforcement learning under general function approximation. Starting from an imperfect offline pretrained $Q$-function, the learner aims to adapt it to the target environment using only a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shangzhe Li , Weitong Zhang

Studying how to fine-tune offline reinforcement learning (RL) pre-trained policy is profoundly significant for enhancing the sample efficiency of RL algorithms. However, directly fine-tuning pre-trained policies often results in sub-optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Ziqi Zhang , Xiao Xiong , Zifeng Zhuang , Jinxin Liu , Donglin Wang