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As large language model agents advance beyond software engineering (SWE) tasks toward machine learning engineering (MLE), verifying agent behavior becomes orders of magnitude more expensive: while SWE tasks can be verified via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuhang Zhou , Lizhu Zhang , Yifan Wu , Jiayi Liu , Xiangjun Fan , Zhuokai Zhao , Hong Yan

Most commodity software lacks accessible Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), requiring autonomous agents to interact solely through pixel-based Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). In this API-free setting, large language model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Chenwei Tang , Lin Long , Xinyu Liu , Jingyu Xing , Zizhou Wang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Jiawei Du , Liangli Zhen , Jiancheng Lv

The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has catalyzed automation in customer service, yet benchmarking their performance remains challenging. Existing benchmarks predominantly rely on static paradigms and single-dimensional metrics,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Ling Shi , Yuqin Dai , Ziyin Wang , Ning Gao , Wei Zhang , Chaozheng Wang , Yujie Wang , Wei He , Jinpeng Wang , Deiyi Xiong

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is widely used to augment large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge. However, many benchmark datasets, designed to test RAG performance, comprise many questions that can already be answered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiayi Liu , Jiaxing Zhang , Bowen Jin , Jennifer Neville

In the sequential decision making setting, an agent aims to achieve systematic generalization over a large, possibly infinite, set of environments. Such environments are modeled as discrete Markov decision processes with both states and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Mirco Mutti , Riccardo De Santi , Emanuele Rossi , Juan Felipe Calderon , Michael Bronstein , Marcello Restelli

Building generalist agents that can rapidly adapt to new environments is a key challenge for deploying AI in the digital and real worlds. Is scaling current agent architectures the most effective way to build generalist agents? We propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Kaustubh Sridhar , Souradeep Dutta , Dinesh Jayaraman , Insup Lee

The rise of autonomous AI agents suggests that dynamic benchmark environments with built-in feedback on scientifically grounded tasks are needed to evaluate the capabilities of these agents in research work. We introduce Stargazer, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinge Liu , Terry Jingchen Zhang , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin , Kristen Menou

Large language models are transitioning from generalpurpose knowledge engines to realworld problem solvers, yet optimizing them for deep search tasks remains challenging. The central bottleneck lies in the extreme sparsity of highquality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zheng Chu , Xiao Wang , Jack Hong , Huiming Fan , Yuqi Huang , Yue Yang , Guohai Xu , Chenxiao Zhao , Cheng Xiang , Shengchao Hu , Dongdong Kuang , Ming Liu , Bing Qin , Xing Yu

Radio-frequency (RF)-based human activity recognition (HAR) provides a contactless and privacy-preserving solution for monitoring human behavior in applications such as astronaut extravehicular activity monitoring, human-autonomy…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-07 Junshuo Liu , Xin Shi , Yunchuan Zhang , Yinhao Ge , Robert C. Qiu

The question of whether deep neural networks are good at generalising beyond their immediate training experience is of critical importance for learning-based approaches to AI. Here, we consider tests of out-of-sample generalisation that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Felix Hill , Andrew Lampinen , Rosalia Schneider , Stephen Clark , Matthew Botvinick , James L. McClelland , Adam Santoro

Generalization remains a challenging problem for deep reinforcement learning algorithms, which are often trained and tested on the same set of deterministic game environments. When test environments are unseen and perturbed but the nature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Jerry Zikun Chen

We study the benefits of reinforcement learning (RL) environments based on agent-based models (ABM). While ABMs are known to offer microfoundational simulations at the cost of computational complexity, we empirically show in this work that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Mohamed Akrout , Amal Feriani , Bob McLeod

In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-06-24 Marc G. Bellemare , Yavar Naddaf , Joel Veness , Michael Bowling

Generative world models offer a compelling foundation for augmented-reality (AR) applications: by predicting future image sequences that incorporate deliberate visual edits, they enable temporally coherent, augmented future frames that can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Fanjun Bu , Chenyang Yuan , Hiroshi Yasuda

One of the grand challenges of reinforcement learning is the ability to generalize to new tasks. However, general agents require a set of rich, diverse tasks to train on. Designing a `foundation environment' for such tasks is tricky -- the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Kevin Frans , Phillip Isola

Autonomous control of multi-stage industrial processes requires both local specialization and global coordination. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising approach, but its industrial adoption remains limited due to challenges such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Tom Maus , Asma Atamna , Tobias Glasmachers

Advanced agentic intelligence is a prerequisite for deploying Large Language Models in practical, real-world applications. Diverse real-world APIs demand precise, robust function-calling intelligence, which needs agents to develop these…

It is a widely accepted principle that software without tests has bugs. Testing reinforcement learning agents is especially difficult because of the stochastic nature of both agents and environments, the complexity of state-of-the-art…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-28 John Foley , Emma Tosch , Kaleigh Clary , David Jensen

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has inspired the development of LLM-based agents capable of addressing complex, real-world tasks. However, these agents often struggle during task execution due to methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yaoxiang Wang , Zhiyong Wu , Junfeng Yao , Jinsong Su

We introduce Procgen Benchmark, a suite of 16 procedurally generated game-like environments designed to benchmark both sample efficiency and generalization in reinforcement learning. We believe that the community will benefit from increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Karl Cobbe , Christopher Hesse , Jacob Hilton , John Schulman