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Related papers: On a Continuous-Time Version of Willems' Lemma

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Willems' fundamental lemma has recently received an impressive amount of attention in the (data-driven) control community. In this paper, we formulate a frequency-domain equivalent of this lemma. In doing so, we bridge the gap between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-28 T. J. Meijer , S. A. N. Nouwens , V. S. Dolk , W. P. M. H. Heemels

In Willems' behavioral systems theory, a dynamical system is identified with the set of all trajectories compatible with its laws of motion. In the linear time-invariant setting this trajectory set is a linear subspace, and its algebraic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Victor M. Preciado

In this paper, we present a data-driven model predictive control (MPC) scheme that is capable of stabilizing unknown linear time-invariant systems under the influence of process disturbances. To this end, Willems' lemma is used to predict…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-15 Christian Klöppelt , Julian Berberich , Frank Allgöwer , Matthias A. Müller

We derive a numerically stable method to compute an image representation of an unknown linear system only from data, leveraging a continuous-time version of Willems et al.'s fundamental lemma. To this end, we use derivatives approximated by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Amine Othmane , Philipp Schmitz , Karl Worthmann , Kathrin Flaßkamp

The fundamental lemma by Jan C. Willems and co-authors enables the representation of all input-output trajectories of a linear time-invariant system by measured input-output data. This result has proven to be pivotal for data-driven…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-06 Guanru Pan , Ruchuan Ou , Timm Faulwasser

In a paper by Willems and coauthors it was shown that persistently exciting data can be used to represent the input-output behavior of a linear system. Based on this fundamental result, we derive a parametrization of linear feedback systems…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Claudio De Persis , Pietro Tesi

Willems' fundamental lemma and system level synthesis both characterize a linear dynamic system by its input/output sequences. In this work, we extend the application of the fundamental lemma from deterministic to uncertain LTI systems and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-11 Yinghao Lian , Colin N. Jones

Willems' fundamental lemma has recently received an impressive amount of attention from the data-driven control community. In this paper, we formulate a version of this celebrated result based on frequency-domain data. In doing so, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-09 T. J. Meijer , K. J. A. Scheres , S. A. N. Nouwens , V. S. Dolk , W. P. M. H. Heemels

The paper formulates the concept of persistence of excitation for discrete-time linear switched systems, and provides sufficient conditions for an input signal to be persistently exciting. Persistence of excitation is formulated as a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2011-03-08 Mihaly Petreczky , Laurent Bako

Koopman operator theory and Willems' fundamental lemma both can provide (approximated) data-driven linear representation for nonlinear systems. However, choosing lifting functions for the Koopman operator is challenging, and the quality of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-26 Xu Shang , Jorge Cortés , Yang Zheng

Generalizations and variations of the fundamental lemma by Willems et al. are an active topic of recent research. In this note, we explore and formalize the links between kernel regression and some known nonlinear extensions of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-16 Oleksii Molodchyk , Timm Faulwasser

A class of data-driven control methods has recently emerged based on Willems' fundamental lemma. Such methods can ease the modelling burden in control design but can be sensitive to disturbances acting on the system under control. In this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-06 Edward O'Dwyer , Eric C. Kerrigan , Paola Falugi , Marta A. Zagorowska , Nilay Shah

This paper introduces a new latent variable generative model able to handle high dimensional longitudinal data and relying on variational inference. The time dependency between the observations of an input sequence is modelled using…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-28 Clément Chadebec , Stéphanie Allassonnière

We develop a formal framework for the behavioral comparison of linear systems across different time domains. We accomplish this by introducing the notion of system interpolation, which determines whether the input-state trajectories of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-26 Armin Pirastehzad , Bart Besselink

We propose a purely data-driven model predictive control (MPC) scheme to control unknown linear time-invariant systems with guarantees on stability and constraint satisfaction in the presence of noisy data. The scheme predicts future…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-25 Julian Berberich , Johannes Köhler , Matthias A. Müller , Frank Allgöwer

In the data-based setting, analysis and control design of dynamical systems using measured data are typically based on overlapping trajectory segments of the input and output variables. This could lead to complex designs because the system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Yitao Yan , Jie Bao , Biao Huang

In this paper, we address the problem of data-driven stabilization of continuous-time multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear time-invariant systems using the input-output data collected from an experiment. Building on recent results for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Haihui Gao , Alessandro Bosso , Lei Wang , David Saussié , Bowen Yi

In the context of data-driven control, persistence of excitation (PE) of an input sequence is defined in terms of a rank condition on the Hankel matrix of the input data. For nonlinear systems, recent results employed rank conditions…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-21 Mohammad Alsalti , Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller

Recurrent auto-encoder model summarises sequential data through an encoder structure into a fixed-length vector and then reconstructs the original sequence through the decoder structure. The summarised vector can be used to represent time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Timothy Wong , Zhiyuan Luo

Non-parametric representations of dynamical systems based on the image of a Hankel matrix of data are extensively used for data-driven control. However, if samples of data are missing, obtaining such representations becomes a difficult…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-09 Mohammad Alsalti , Ivan Markovsky , Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller