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Related papers: On a Continuous-Time Version of Willems' Lemma

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We illustrate a novel version of Willems' lemma for data-based representation of continuous-time systems. The main novelties compared to previous works are two. First, the proposed framework relies only on measured input-output trajectories…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller , Paolo Rapisarda

Willems et al.'s fundamental lemma asserts that all trajectories of a linear system can be obtained from a single given one, assuming that a persistency of excitation condition holds. This result has profound implications for system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-08 Henk J. van Waarde , Claudio De Persis , M. Kanat Camlibel , Pietro Tesi

Willems' fundamental lemma asserts that all trajectories of a linear time-invariant system can be obtained from a finite number of measured ones, assuming that controllability and a persistency of excitation condition hold. We show that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-13 Yue Yu , Shahriar Talebi , Henk J. van Waarde , Ufuk Topcu , Mehran Mesbahi , Behçet Açıkmeşe

We provide a practical relaxation of Willems' fundamental lemma for discrete-time linear time-invariant (single-input-single-output) systems. Instead of maintaining conventional Willems' persistency of excitation condition in the behavioral…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-08 Yun Jeong Yang , Jin Gyu Lee

The fundamental lemma by Willems and coauthors facilitates a parameterization of all trajectories of a linear time-invariant system in terms of a single, measured one. This result plays an important role in data-driven simulation and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-16 Jeremy Coulson , Henk van Waarde , Florian Dörfler

In this paper we investigate data-driven predictive control of discrete-time linear descriptor systems. Specifically, we give a tailored variant of Willems' fundamental lemma, which shows that for descriptor systems the non-parametric…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-17 Philipp Schmitz , Timm Faulwasser , Karl Worthmann

Data-driven control uses a past signal trajectory to characterise the input-output behaviour of a system. Willems' lemma provides a data-based prediction model allowing a control designer to bypass the step of identifying a state-space or…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Roy S. Smith , Mohamed Abdalmoaty , Mingzhou Yin

Willems' fundamental lemma enables a trajectory-based characterization of linear systems through data-based Hankel matrices. However, in the presence of measurement noise, we ask: Is this noisy Hankel-based model expressive enough to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-25 Nathan P. Lawrence , Philip D. Loewen , Shuyuan Wang , Michael G. Forbes , R. Bhushan Gopaluni

The fundamental lemma by Jan C. Willems and co-workers, which is deeply rooted in behavioral systems theory, has become one of the supporting pillars of the recent progress on data-driven control and system analysis. This tutorial-style…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-01 Timm Faulwasser , Ruchuan Ou , Guanru Pan , Philipp Schmitz , Karl Worthmann

In this letter, we provide new insight into Willems et al.'s fundamental lemma by studying the concept of universal inputs. An input is called universal if, when applied to any controllable system, it leads to input-output data that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-09 Amir Shakouri , Henk J. van Waarde , M. Kanat Camlibel

The Willems' fundamental lemma, which characterizes linear dynamics with measured trajectories, has found successful applications in controller design and signal processing, which has driven a broad research interest in its extension to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-01 Yingzhao Lian , Colin N. Jones

We present an extension of Willems' Fundamental Lemma to the class of multi-input multi-output discrete-time feedback linearizable nonlinear systems, thus providing a data-based representation of their input-output trajectories. Two sources…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-17 Mohammad Alsalti , Victor G. Lopez , Julian Berberich , Frank Allgöwer , Matthias A. Müller

Based on the Fundamental Lemma by Willems et al., the entire behaviour of a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system can be characterised by a single data sequence of the system as long the input is persistently exciting. This is an essential…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-02 Chris Verhoek , Roland Tóth , Sofie Haesaert , Anne Koch

Willems et al. showed that all input-output trajectories of a discrete-time linear time-invariant system can be obtained using linear combinations of time shifts of a single, persistently exciting, input-output trajectory of that system. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-01 Mohammad Alsalti , Julian Berberich , Victor G. Lopez , Frank Allgöwer , Matthias A. Müller

Willems' Fundamental Lemma provides a powerful data-driven parametrization of all trajectories of a controllable linear time-invariant system based on one trajectory with persistently exciting (PE) input. In this paper, we present a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-04 Julian Berberich , Andrea Iannelli , Alberto Padoan , Jeremy Coulson , Florian Dörfler , Frank Allgöwer

Willems' fundamental lemma enables data-driven analysis and control by characterizing an unknown system's behavior directly in terms of measured data. In this work, we extend a recent frequency-domain variant of this result--previously…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-10 T. J. Meijer , M. Wind , V. S. Dolk , W. P. M. H. Heemels

Willems' Fundamental Lemma enables parameterizing all trajectories generated by a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system directly from data. However, this lemma relies on the assumption of noiseless measurements. In this paper, we provide an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 Sahand Kiani , Constantino M. Lagoa

We present a stochastic constrained output-feedback data-driven predictive control scheme for linear time-invariant systems subject to bounded additive disturbances. The approach uses data-driven predictors based on an extension of Willems'…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Johannes Teutsch , Sebastian Kerz , Dirk Wollherr , Marion Leibold

The vector space of all input-output trajectories of a discrete-time linear time-invariant (LTI) system is spanned by time-shifts of a single measured trajectory, given that the respective input signal is persistently exciting. This fact,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Julian Berberich , Frank Allgöwer

Data-driven control of discrete-time and continuous-time systems is of tremendous research interest. In this paper, we explore data-driven optimal control of continuous-time linear systems using input-output data. Based on a density result,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-18 Philipp Schmitz , Timm Faulwasser , Paolo Rapisarda , Karl Worthmann
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