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With the invention of scanning probe techniques, direct imaging of single atoms and molecules became possible. Today, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) routinely provides angstrom-scale image resolution. At the same time, however, STM…

Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) with a functionalized tip apex reveals the geometric and electronic structure of a sample within the same experiment. However, the complex nature of the signal makes images difficult to interpret and has…

Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) is a powerful technique for imaging surfaces with atomic resolution, providing insight into physical and chemical processes at the level of single atoms and molecules. A regular task of STM image…

Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has presented a revolutionary methodology to the nanoscience and nanotechnology. It enables imaging the topography of surfaces, mapping the distribution of electronic density of states, and manipulating…

Atomic force microscopy (AFM or SPM) imaging is one of the best matches with machine learning (ML) analysis among microscopy techniques. The digital format of AFM images allows for direct utilization in ML algorithms without the need for…

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with molecule-functionalized tips has emerged as the primary experimental technique for probing the atomic structure of organic molecules on surfaces. Most experiments have been limited to nearly planar…

In the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, it is important to be able to functionalize surfaces chemically for a wide variety of applications. Scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) are important instruments in this area used to…

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a mechanical profiling technique that allows to image surfaces with atomic resolution. Recent progress in reducing the noise of this technique has led to a resolution level where previously undetectable…

Single atom/molecule manipulation with a scanning-tunneling-microscope (STM) tip is an innovative experimental technique of nanoscience. Using STM-tip as an engineering or analytical tool, artificial atomic-scale structures can be…

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a key tool for characterising nanoscale structures, with functionalised tips now offering detailed images of the atomic structure. In parallel, AFM simulations using the particle probe model provide a…

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) enables fabrication of atomically precise structures with unique properties and growing technological potential. However, reproducible manipulation of covalently bonded atoms requires control over the…

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been a fundamental tool to characterize many-body effects in condensed matter systems, from extended solids to quantum dots. STM of molecules decoupled from the supporting conductive substrate has the…

Time resolution is one of the most severe limitations of scanning probe microscopies (SPMs), since the typical image acquisition times are in the order of several seconds or even few minutes. As a consequence, the characterization of…

Leveraging scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) for atomic-scale fabrication has led to many advancements such as the creation of atomic electron-spin qubit structures on surfaces. However, the time-consuming and tedious nature of this…

Despite being the main tool to visualize molecules at the atomic scale, AFM with CO-functionalized metal tips is unable to chemically identify the observed molecules. Here we present a strategy to address this challenging task using deep…

Atomic-scale characteristics of surfaces dictate the principles governing numerous scientific phenomena ranging from catalysis to friction. Despite this fact, our ability to visualize and alter surfaces on the atomic scale is severely…

First principles based exploration of chemical space deepens our understanding of chemistry, and might help with the design of new materials or experiments. Due to the computational cost of quantum chemistry methods and the immens number of…

Scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) are used extensively for studying and manipulating matter at the atomic scale. In spite of the critical role of the STM tip, the control of the atomic-scale shape of STM tips remains a poorly solved…

Scanning probe microscopy is one of the most versatile windows into the nanoworld, providing imaging access to a variety of sample properties, depending on the probe employed. Tunneling probes map electronic properties of samples, magnetic…

Pseudo-heterodyne scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (sSNOM) is applied in the mid-infrared region to detect the chemical composition of biomolecules on the nanoscale. However, the application of sSNOM in molecular…