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Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and knowledge, to oneself and others, and to understand that these mental states can differ from one's own and from reality. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Anirban Mukherjee , Hannah Hanwen Chang

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive zero-shot and few-shot generalization capabilities across complex natural language tasks, enabling their widespread use as virtual assistants for diverse applications such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Arjun Vaithilingam Sudhakar

Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute mental states to others and predict their behaviour, is fundamental to social intelligence. In this paper, we survey studies evaluating behavioural and representational ToM in Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Hieu Minh "Jord" Nguyen

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to an agent's ability to model the internal states of others. Contributing to the debate whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit genuine ToM capabilities, our study investigates their ToM robustness using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Christian Nickel , Laura Schrewe , Florian Mai , Lucie Flek

We present Latent Theory of Mind (LatentToM), a decentralized diffusion policy architecture for collaborative robot manipulation. Our policy allows multiple manipulators with their own perception and computation to collaborate with each…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Chengyang He , Gadiel Sznaier Camps , Xu Liu , Mac Schwager , Guillaume Sartoretti

Large language models (LLMs) have shown success in handling simple games with imperfect information and enabling multi-agent coordination, but their ability to facilitate practical collaboration against other agents in complex, imperfect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yauwai Yim , Chunkit Chan , Tianyu Shi , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Tianshi Zheng , Yangqiu Song

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the cognitive capability to perceive and ascribe mental states to oneself and others. Recent research has sparked a debate over whether large language models (LLMs) exhibit a form of ToM. However, existing ToM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Zhuang Chen , Jincenzi Wu , Jinfeng Zhou , Bosi Wen , Guanqun Bi , Gongyao Jiang , Yaru Cao , Mengting Hu , Yunghwei Lai , Zexuan Xiong , Minlie Huang

An ideal integration of autonomous agents in a human world implies that they are able to collaborate on human terms. In particular, theory of mind plays an important role in maintaining common ground during human collaboration and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Cristian-Paul Bara , Sky CH-Wang , Joyce Chai

Language is fundamental to human cooperation, facilitating not only the exchange of information but also the coordination of actions through shared interpretations of situational contexts. This study explores whether the Generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Agnese Lombardi , Alessandro Lenci

Theory of Mind (ToM)-the ability to reason about the mental states of oneself and others-is a cornerstone of human social intelligence. As Large Language Models (LLMs) become ubiquitous in real-world applications, validating their capacity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ruirui Chen , Weifeng Jiang , Chengwei Qin , Cheston Tan

Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities in LLMs have recently become a central object of investigation. Cognitive science distinguishes between two steps required for ToM tasks: 1) determine whether to invoke ToM, which includes the appropriate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Eitan Wagner , Nitay Alon , Joseph M. Barnby , Omri Abend

Effective multi-agent collaboration requires agents to infer the rationale behind others' actions, a capability rooted in Theory-of-Mind (ToM). While recent Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at logical inference, their ability to infer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Fangzhou Liang , Tianshi Zheng , Chunkit Chan , Yauwai Yim , Yangqiu Song

Understanding and attributing mental states, known as Theory of Mind (ToM), emerges as a fundamental capability for human social reasoning. While Large Language Models (LLMs) appear to possess certain ToM abilities, the mechanisms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Wentao Zhu , Zhining Zhang , Yizhou Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in simulating human behaviors and performing theory-of-mind (ToM) reasoning, a crucial skill for complex social interactions. In this study, we investigate the role of ToM reasoning in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Neemesh Yadav , Palakorn Achananuparp , Jing Jiang , Ee-Peng Lim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have developed rapidly and are widely applied to both general-purpose and professional tasks to assist human users. However, they still struggle to comprehend and respond to the true user needs when intentions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Minyuan Ruan , Ziyue Wang , Kaiming Liu , Yunghwei Lai , Peng Li , Yang Liu

Human social behavior is structured by relationships. We form teams, groups, tribes, and alliances at all scales of human life. These structures guide multi-agent cooperation and competition, but when we observe others these underlying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Michael Shum , Max Kleiman-Weiner , Michael L. Littman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Natural language has long enabled human cooperation, but its lossy, ambiguous, and indirect nature limits the potential of collective intelligence. While machines are not subject to these constraints, most LLM-based multi-agent systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yujia Zheng , Zhuokai Zhao , Zijian Li , Yaqi Xie , Mingze Gao , Lizhu Zhang , Kun Zhang

A Multi-robot system (MRS) provides significant advantages for intricate tasks such as environmental monitoring, underwater inspections, and space missions. However, addressing potential communication failures or the lack of communication…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Lauren Bramblett , Jonathan Reasoner , Nicola Bezzo

As large language models (LLMs) become the engine behind conversational systems, their ability to reason about the intentions and states of their dialogue partners (i.e., form and use a theory-of-mind, or ToM) becomes increasingly critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hanqi Xiao , Vaidehi Patil , Zaid Khan , Hyunji Lee , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

LLM-based MAS are gaining popularity due to their potential for collaborative problem-solving enhanced by advances in natural language comprehension, reasoning, and planning. Research in Theory of Mind (ToM) and Belief-Desire-Intention…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Adam Kostka , Jarosław A. Chudziak