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This study examines the effect of grammatical features in automatic essay scoring (AES). We use two kinds of grammatical features as input to an AES model: (1) grammatical items that writers used correctly in essays, and (2) the number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Kosuke Doi , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

When developing new large language models (LLMs), a key step is evaluating their final performance, often by computing the win-rate against a reference model based on external feedback. Human feedback is the gold standard, particularly for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Zhaoyi Zhou , Yuda Song , Andrea Zanette

Cross-prompt automated essay scoring (AES) requires the system to use non target-prompt essays to award scores to a target-prompt essay. Since obtaining a large quantity of pre-graded essays to a particular prompt is often difficult and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Robert Ridley , Liang He , Xinyu Dai , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

As the vocabulary size of modern word-based language models becomes ever larger, many sampling-based training criteria are proposed and investigated. The essence of these sampling methods is that the softmax-related traversal over the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Yingbo Gao , David Thulke , Alexander Gerstenberger , Khoa Viet Tran , Ralf Schlüter , Hermann Ney

In many randomized trials, outcomes such as essays or open-ended responses must be manually scored as a preliminary step to impact analysis, a process that is costly and limiting. Model-assisted estimation offers a way to combine surrogate…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-16 Reagan Mozer , Nicole E. Pashley , Luke Miratrix

Speech enhancement (SE) systems are typically evaluated using a variety of instrumental metrics. The use of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems to evaluate SE performance is common in literature, usually in terms of word error rate…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-13 Danilo de Oliveira , Tal Peer , Timo Gerkmann

In this work, we show a methodology aimed to improve the quality of the assessment process for subjects related to basic programming. The method takes into account the relevance of the items and the students answers to follow different…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-03-07 P. Molins-Ruano , C. González-Sacristán , F. Díez , P. Rodriguez , G. M. Sacha

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has emerged as a promising approach for effectively reducing the generalization error. However, SAM incurs twice the computational cost compared to base optimizer (e.g., SGD). We propose Asymptotic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Jiaxin Deng , Junbiao Pang , Baochang Zhang

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a widely used Information Retrieval method based on "bag-of-words" assumption. However, according to general conception, syntax plays a role in representing meaning of sentences. Thus, enhancing LSA with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Tuomo Kakkonen , Niko Myller , Erkki Sutinen

In recent years, automated approaches to assessing linguistic complexity in second language (L2) writing have made significant progress in gauging learner performance, predicting human ratings of the quality of learner productions, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Yu Qiao , Wei Zhou , Elma Kerz , Ralf Schlüter

In this study, we developed an automated short answer grading (ASAG) model that provided both analytic scores and final holistic scores. Short answer items typically consist of multiple sub-questions, and providing an analytic score and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Su-Youn Yoon

Highlighting while reading is a natural behavior for people to track salient content of a document. It would be desirable to teach an extractive summarizer to do the same. However, a major obstacle to the development of a supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Kristjan Arumae , Fei Liu

A crucial part of an accurate and reliable spoken language assessment system is the underlying ASR model. Recently, large-scale pre-trained ASR foundation models such as Whisper have been made available. As the output of these models is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Rao Ma , Mengjie Qian , Mark J. F. Gales , Kate M. Knill

Existing benchmarks for AI reasoning provide limited insight into how closely these capabilities resemble human reasoning in naturalistic contexts. We present an adaptation of the Watson & Holmes detective tabletop game as a new benchmark…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Thatchawin Leelawat , Lewis D Griffin

Despite empirical risk minimization (ERM) is widely applied in the machine learning community, its performance is limited on data with spurious correlation or subpopulation that is introduced by hidden attributes. Existing literature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Hongyu Shen , Zhizhen Zhao

Form about four decades human beings have been dreaming of an intelligent machine which can master the natural speech. In its simplest form, this machine should consist of two subsystems, namely automatic speech recognition (ASR) and speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2013-05-08 Urmila Shrawankar , V. M. Thakare

Large language models have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in tasks involving natural language generation, reasoning, and comprehension. This study aims to construct prompts and comments grounded in the diverse scoring criteria…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Wei Xia , Shaoguang Mao , Chanjing Zheng

This paper presents methods for improving automated essay scoring with techniques that address the computational trade-offs of self-attention and document length. To make Automated Essay Scoring (AES) more useful to practitioners,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Mike Hardy

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) assigns scores to student essays, reducing the grading workload for instructors. Developing a scoring system capable of handling essays across diverse prompts is challenging due to the flexibility and diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhaoyi Joey Hou , Alejandro Ciuba , Xiang Lorraine Li

Assurance cases offer a structured way to present arguments and evidence for certification of systems where safety and security are critical. However, creating and evaluating these assurance cases can be complex and challenging, even for…