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The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has brought a new paradigm to automated essay scoring (AES), a long-standing and practical application of natural language processing in education. However, achieving human-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Jinhee Jang , Ayoung Moon , Minkyoung Jung , YoungBin Kim , Seung Jin Lee

Reward models (RMs) play a critical role in aligning language models through the process of reinforcement learning from human feedback. RMs are trained to predict a score reflecting human preference, which requires significant time and cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zihuiwen Ye , Fraser Greenlee-Scott , Max Bartolo , Phil Blunsom , Jon Ander Campos , Matthias Gallé

To obtain a large amount of training labels inexpensively, researchers have recently adopted the weak supervision (WS) paradigm, which leverages labeling rules to synthesize training labels rather than using individual annotations to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Linxin Song , Jieyu Zhang , Tianxiang Yang , Masayuki Goto

This study illustrates how incorporating feedback-oriented annotations into the scoring pipeline can enhance the accuracy of automated essay scoring (AES). This approach is demonstrated with the Persuasive Essays for Rating, Selecting, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Christopher Ormerod

In this paper, we report on Qaviar, an experimental automated evaluation system for question answering applications. The goal of our research was to find an automatically calculated measure that correlates well with human judges' assessment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Eric Breck , John D. Burger , Lisa Ferro , Lynette Hirschman , David House , Marc Light , Inderjeet Mani

Automated speaking assessment (ASA) on opinion expressions is often hampered by the scarcity of labeled recordings, which restricts prompt diversity and undermines scoring reliability. To address this challenge, we propose a novel training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chung-Chun Wang , Jhen-Ke Lin , Hao-Chien Lu , Hong-Yun Lin , Berlin Chen

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is crucial for modern education, particularly with the increasing prevalence of multimodal assessments. However, traditional AES methods struggle with evaluation generalizability and multimodal perception,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiamin Su , Yibo Yan , Zhuoran Gao , Han Zhang , Xiang Liu , Xuming Hu

Automated speaking assessment in conversation tests (ASAC) aims to evaluate the overall speaking proficiency of an L2 (second-language) speaker in a setting where an interlocutor interacts with one or more candidates. Although prior ASAC…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jiun-Ting Li , Bi-Cheng Yan , Tien-Hong Lo , Yi-Cheng Wang , Yung-Chang Hsu , Berlin Chen

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems now reach near human agreement on some public benchmarks, yet real-world adoption, especially in high-stakes examinations, remains limited. A principal obstacle is that most models output a single score…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmed Karim , Qiao Wang , Zheng Yuan

Automated short answer scoring (ASAS) is shifting from discriminative, fine-tuned models to large language models (LLMs) used in few-shot settings. This paradigm leverages LLMs broad world knowledge and ease of deployment, but limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Abigail Victoria Gurin Schleifer , Moriah Ariely , Beata Beigman Klebanov , Asaf Salman , Giora Alexandron

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has emerged to prominence in response to the growing demand for educational automation. Providing an objective and cost-effective solution, AES standardises the assessment of extended responses. Although…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Abhirup Chakravarty

The Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) is a visual program synthesis benchmark designed to test challenging out-of-distribution generalization in humans and machines. Since 2019, limited progress has been observed on the challenge using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Solim LeGris , Wai Keen Vong , Brenden M. Lake , Todd M. Gureckis

Current automated speaking assessment (ASA) systems for use in multi-aspect evaluations often fail to make full use of content relevance, overlooking image or exemplar cues, and employ superficial grammar analysis that lacks detailed error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Hao-Chien Lu , Jhen-Ke Lin , Hong-Yun Lin , Chung-Chun Wang , Berlin Chen

In recent years, the role of big data analytics has exponentially grown and is now slowly making its way into the education industry. Several attempts are being made in this sphere in order to improve the quality of education being provided…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Akash Nagaraj , Mukund Sood , Gowri Srinivasa

The utilization of technology in second language learning and teaching has become ubiquitous. For the assessment of writing specifically, automated writing evaluation (AWE) and grammatical error correction (GEC) have become immensely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Izia Xiaoxiao Wang , Xihan Wu , Edith Coates , Min Zeng , Jiexin Kuang , Siliang Liu , Mengyang Qiu , Jungyeul Park

As Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems are increasingly used in high-stakes educational settings, concerns regarding algorithmic bias against English as a Second Language (ESL) learners have increased. Current Transformer-based regression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Kevin Fan , Eric Yun

Argument summarisation is a promising but currently under-explored field. Recent work has aimed to provide textual summaries in the form of concise and salient short texts, i.e., key points (KPs), in a task known as Key Point Analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Hao Li , Viktor Schlegel , Riza Batista-Navarro , Goran Nenadic

Pretrained language models have shown superior performance on many natural language processing tasks, yet they still struggle at multi-step formal reasoning tasks like grade school math problems. One key challenge of finetuning them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Ansong Ni , Jeevana Priya Inala , Chenglong Wang , Oleksandr Polozov , Christopher Meek , Dragomir Radev , Jianfeng Gao

Research suggests "write-to-learn" tasks improve learning outcomes, yet constructed-response methods of formative assessment become unwieldy with large class sizes. This study evaluates natural language processing algorithms to assist this…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2023-01-30 Susan Lloyd , Matthew Beckman , Dennis Pearl , Rebecca Passonneau , Zhaohui Li , Zekun Wang

Automatic assessment needs short answer based evaluation and automated assessment. Various techniques used are Ontology, Semantic similarity matching and Statistical methods. An automatic short answer assessment system is attempted in this…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-11-09 P. Selvi , A. K. Bnerjee