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SMILES is a linear representation of chemical structures which encodes the connection table, and the stereochemistry of a molecule as a line of text with a grammar structure denoting atoms, bonds, rings and chains, and this information can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Arindam Paul , Dipendra Jha , Reda Al-Bahrani , Wei-keng Liao , Alok Choudhary , Ankit Agrawal

Spectroscopic techniques are essential tools for determining the structure of molecules. Different spectroscopic techniques, such as Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Infrared spectroscopy, and Mass Spectrometry, provide insight into the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-10-30 Marvin Alberts , Oliver Schilter , Federico Zipoli , Nina Hartrampf , Teodoro Laino

In drug-discovery-related tasks such as virtual screening, machine learning is emerging as a promising way to predict molecular properties. Conventionally, molecular fingerprints (numerical representations of molecules) are calculated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Shion Honda , Shoi Shi , Hiroki R. Ueda

Recent advancements in computational chemistry have leveraged the power of trans-former-based language models, such as MoLFormer, pre-trained using a vast amount of simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) sequences, to…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-05 Tianhao Peng , Yuchen Li , Xuhong Li , Jiang Bian , Zeke Xie , Ning Sui , Shahid Mumtaz , Yanwu Xu , Linghe Kong , Haoyi Xiong

Converting peptide sequences into useful representations for downstream analysis is a common step in computational modeling and cheminformatics. Furthermore, peptide drugs (e.g., Semaglutide, Degarelix) often take advantage of the diverse…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-05 Aaron L. Feller , Claus O. Wilke

Effective representation of molecules is a crucial factor affecting the performance of artificial intelligence models. This study introduces a flexible, fragment-based, multiscale molecular representation framework called t-SMILES…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Juan-Ni Wu , Tong Wang , Yue Chen , Li-Juan Tang , Hai-Long Wu , Ru-Qin Yu

Representing molecular structures effectively in chemistry remains a challenging task. Language models and graph-based models are extensively utilized within this domain, consistently achieving state-of-the-art results across an array of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Nikolai Rekut , Alexey Orlov , Klea Ziu , Elizaveta Starykh , Martin Takac , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Large language models have emerged as transformative tools in molecular science, demonstrating remarkable potential in molecular property prediction and de novo molecular design. However, their application to spectroscopy remains notably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Shuaike Shen , Jiaqing Xie , Zhuo Yang , Antong Zhang , Shuzhou Sun , Ben Gao , Tianfan Fu , Biqing Qi , Yuqiang Li

Traditional molecular string representations, such as SMILES, often pose challenges for AI-driven molecular design due to their non-sequential depiction of molecular substructures. To address this issue, we introduce Sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Emmanuel Noutahi , Cristian Gabellini , Michael Craig , Jonathan S. C Lim , Prudencio Tossou

In the field of chemical structure recognition, the task of converting molecular images into machine-readable data formats such as SMILES string stands as a significant challenge, primarily due to the varied drawing styles and conventions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Yufan Chen , Ching Ting Leung , Yong Huang , Jianwei Sun , Hao Chen , Hanyu Gao

Chemical databases store information in text representations, and the SMILES format is a universal standard used in many cheminformatics software. Encoded in each SMILES string is structural information that can be used to predict complex…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-16 Garrett B. Goh , Nathan O. Hodas , Charles Siegel , Abhinav Vishnu

Automated computational analysis of the vast chemical space is critical for numerous fields of research such as drug discovery and material science. Representation learning techniques have recently been employed with the primary objective…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-26 Atakan Yüksel , Erva Ulusoy , Atabey Ünlü , Tunca Doğan

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly recognized as powerful tools for scientific discovery, particularly in molecular science. A fundamental requirement for these models is the ability to accurately understand molecular structures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yunhui Jang , Jaehyung Kim , Sungsoo Ahn

The detailed analysis of molecular structures and properties holds great potential for drug development discovery through machine learning. Developing an emergent property in the model to understand molecules would broaden the horizons for…

Spectroscopy is a central pillar of materials characterization, providing useful information on properties like structure, composition, or excited state dynamics of a system. However, many spectroscopic techniques present challenges in…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-04-09 Amalya C. Johnson , Chris Fajardo , Leena Sansguiri , Weike Ye , Steven B. Torrisi

Structural assessment of biomolecular complexes is vital for translating molecular models into functional insights, shaping our understanding of biology and aiding drug discovery. However, current structure-based scoring functions often…

Molecular representation learning is fundamental for many drug related applications. Most existing molecular pre-training models are limited in using single molecular modality, either SMILES or graph representation. To effectively leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Shikun Feng , Lixin Yang , Yanwen Huang , Yuyan Ni , Weiying Ma , Yanyan Lan

Complex chemical structures, like drugs, are usually defined by SMILES strings as a sequence of molecules and bonds. These SMILES strings are used in different complex machine learning-based drug-related research and representation works.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-29 Azmine Toushik Wasi , Šerbetar Karlo , Raima Islam , Taki Hasan Rafi , Dong-Kyu Chae

In the era of large time-domain spectro-photometric surveys, surface variations such as starspots, chemical inhomogeneities, pulsations, rotational distortions, and binary interactions can now be directly detected and modelled. Accurately…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-17 M. Jabłońska , T. Różański , L. Casagrande , H. Shah , P. A. Kołaczek-Szymański , M. Rychlicki , Yuan-Sen Ting

This study introduces a novel approach, combining substruct counting, $k$-mers, and Daylight-like fingerprints, to expand the representation of chemical structures in SMILES strings. The integrated method generates comprehensive molecular…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-01 Sarwan Ali , Prakash Chourasia , Murray Patterson
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