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We introduce Functional Group-Aware Representations for Small Molecules (FARM), a novel foundation model designed to bridge the gap between SMILES, natural language, and molecular graphs. The key idea behind FARM is the incorporation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Thao Nguyen , Kuan-Hao Huang , Ge Liu , Martin D. Burke , Ying Diao , Heng Ji

Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a single line text representation of a unique molecule. One molecule can however have multiple SMILES strings, which is a reason that canonical SMILES have been defined, which ensures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Esben Jannik Bjerrum

Identifying the chemical structure from a graphical representation, or image, of a molecule is a challenging pattern recognition task that would greatly benefit drug development. Yet, existing methods for chemical structure recognition do…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Martijn Oldenhof , Edward De Brouwer , Adam Arany , Yves Moreau

I present a fast Python tool, SpectRes, for carrying out the resampling of spectral flux densities and their associated uncertainties onto different wavelength grids. The function works with any grid of wavelength values, including…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-16 A. C. Carnall

In molecular structure data, SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) strings are used to analyze molecular structure design. Numerical feature representation of SMILES strings is a challenging task. This work proposes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Sarwan Ali , Haris Mansoor , Prakash Chourasia , Imdad Ullah Khan , Murray Patterson

The discovery of novel materials and functional molecules can help to solve some of society's most urgent challenges, ranging from efficient energy harvesting and storage to uncovering novel pharmaceutical drug candidates. Traditionally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Mario Krenn , Florian Häse , AkshatKumar Nigam , Pascal Friederich , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Automated molecular structure elucidation remains challenging, as existing approaches often depend on pre-compiled databases or restrict themselves to single spectroscopic modalities. Here we introduce SpectraLLM, a large language model…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-12 Yunyue Su , Jiahui Chen , Zao Jiang , Zhenyi Zhong , Liang Wang , Qiang Liu , Zhaoxiang Zhang

The identification of metabolites from complex biological samples often involves matching experimental mass spectrometry data to signatures of compounds derived from massive chemical databases. However, misidentifications may result due to…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-07-11 Christine H. Chang , Bryan J. Killinger , Ryan S. Renslow , Sean M. Colby

Molecules are graphs, but large language models~(LLMs) are usually asked to reason about them through linear strings. The most popular molecular representation, SMILES, compresses atoms, bonds, branches and rings into a compact sequence in…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-19 Zhiyuan Yan , Chen Liu , Boxuan Zhao , Kaiqing Lin , Jixiang Zhao , Yimi Wang , Liuzhenghao Lv , Hao Li , Shanzhuo Zhang , Li Yuan , Fanyang Mo

Molecular language modeling tasks such as molecule captioning have been recognized for their potential to further understand molecular properties that can aid drug discovery or material synthesis based on chemical reactions. Unlike the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Sangyeup Kim , Nayeon Kim , Yinhua Piao , Sun Kim

Optical chemical structure recognition (OCSR) systems aim to extract the molecular structure information, usually in the form of molecular graph or SMILES, from images of chemical molecules. While many tools have been developed for this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Ching Ting Leung , Yufan Chen , Hanyu Gao

We have developed PyTIE (Python Topological Indices Expressions) which is defined as the collections of Python packages such as PyTIE D, PyTIE DS, PyTIE SMS DE, and PyTIE SMS DSE, which are open-source software packages and cross-platform…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-11-03 Sahaya Vijay Jeyaraj , Roy S , Govardhan S , Tony Augustine , Jyothish K

Molecules are commonly represented as SMILES strings, which can be readily converted to fixed-size molecular fingerprints. These fingerprints serve as feature vectors to train ML/DL models for molecular property prediction tasks in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Rajan , Ishaan Gupta

We present SPIKE (Spectrometry Processing Innovative KErnel), an open-source Python package dedicated to Fourier spectroscopies. It provides basic functionalities such as apodisation, a complete set of Fourier transforms, phasing for NMR),…

Computational Physics · Physics 2016-08-25 Lionel Chiron , Marie-Aude Coutouly , Jean-Philippe Starck , Christian Rolando , Marc-André Delsuc

In the intersection of molecular science and deep learning, tasks like virtual screening have driven the need for a high-throughput molecular representation generator on large chemical databases. However, as SMILES strings are the most…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Wenhao Zhu , Ziyao Li , Lingsheng Cai , Guojie Song

From the relative scarcity of training data to the lack of standardized benchmarks, the development of foundation models for polymers face significant and multi-faceted challenges. At the core, many of these issues are tied directly to the…

Chemical representation learning has gained increasing interest due to the limited availability of supervised data in fields such as drug and materials design. This interest particularly extends to chemical language representation learning,…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-08-06 Jun-Hyung Park , Yeachan Kim , Mingyu Lee , Hyuntae Park , SangKeun Lee

Retrosynthesis prediction is fundamental to drug discovery and chemical synthesis, requiring the identification of reactants that can produce a target molecule. Current template-free methods struggle to capture the structural invariance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jiaxi Zhuang , Yu Zhang , Aimin Zhou , Ying Qian

Small-molecule identification from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) remains a bottleneck in untargeted settings where spectral libraries are incomplete. While deep learning offers a solution, current approaches typically fall into two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yinkai Wang , Yan Zhou Chen , Xiaohui Chen , Li-Ping Liu , Soha Hassoun

The program package SME (Spectroscopy Made Easy), designed to perform an analysis of stellar spectra using spectral fitting techniques, was updated due to adding new functions (isotopic and hyperfine splittins) in VALD and including grids…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-10-31 N. Piskunov , T. Ryabchikova , Yu. Pakhomov , T. Sitnova , S. Alexeeva , L. Mashonkina , T. Nordlander