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Previous works have validated that text generation APIs can be stolen through imitation attacks, causing IP violations. In order to protect the IP of text generation APIs, a recent work has introduced a watermarking algorithm and utilized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Xuanli He , Qiongkai Xu , Yi Zeng , Lingjuan Lyu , Fangzhao Wu , Jiwei Li , Ruoxi Jia

Obtaining the state of the art performance of deep learning models imposes a high cost to model generators, due to the tedious data preparation and the substantial processing requirements. To protect the model from unauthorized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Masoumeh Shafieinejad , Jiaqi Wang , Nils Lukas , Xinda Li , Florian Kerschbaum

Self-supervised learning (SSL) encoders are invaluable intellectual property (IP). However, no existing SSL watermarking for IP protection can concurrently satisfy the following two practical requirements: (1) provide ownership verification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yongqi Jiang , Yansong Gao , Boyu Kuang , Chunyi Zhou , Anmin Fu , Liquan Chen

Backdoor data poisoning is a crucial technique for ownership protection and defending against malicious attacks. Embedding hidden triggers in training data can manipulate model outputs, enabling provenance verification, and deterring…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Kuan-Yu Chen , Yi-Cheng Lin , Jeng-Lin Li , Jian-Jiun Ding

By and large, existing Intellectual Property (IP) protection on deep neural networks typically i) focus on image classification task only, and ii) follow a standard digital watermarking framework that was conventionally used to protect the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Jian Han Lim , Chee Seng Chan , Kam Woh Ng , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

A watermarking algorithm is proposed in this paper to address the copyright protection issue of implicit 3D models. The algorithm involves embedding watermarks into the images in the training set through an embedding network, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Lifeng Chen , Jia Liu , Yan Ke , Wenquan Sun , Weina Dong , Xiaozhong Pan

Protecting deep neural networks (DNNs) against intellectual property (IP) infringement has attracted an increasing attention in recent years. Recent advances focus on IP protection of generative models, which embed the watermark information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Li Zhang , Yong Liu , Xinpeng Zhang , Hanzhou Wu

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

The rapid advancement of generative AI has made it increasingly challenging to distinguish between deepfake audio and authentic human speech. To overcome the limitations of passive detection methods, we propose StreamMark, a novel deep…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Zhentao Liu , Milos Cernak

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution to counter harmful or deceptive AI-generated content by embedding hidden identifiers that trace content origins. However, the robustness of current watermarking techniques is still largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiaodong Wu , Tianyi Tang , Xiangman Li , Jianbing Ni , Yong Yu

With the rise of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms,safeguarding the intellectual property of deep learning models is becoming paramount. Among various protective measures, trigger set watermarking has emerged as a flexible and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wentao Hu , Fangqi Li , Ju Jia , Shilin Wang

Audio watermarking is essential for verifying speech authenticity, yet single-watermark schemes often struggle against sophisticated distortions such as neural reconstruction and adversarial attacks. To address this limitation, we introduce…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Zheqi Yuan , Yucheng Huang , Guangzhi Sun , Zengrui Jin , Chao Zhang

Watermarking has been widely adopted for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to defend the unauthorized distribution. Unfortunately, the popular data-poisoning DNN watermarking scheme relies on target…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Run Wang , Jixing Ren , Boheng Li , Tianyi She , Chenhao Lin , Liming Fang , Jing Chen , Chao Shen , Lina Wang

Generative models are now capable of synthesizing images, speeches, and videos that are hardly distinguishable from authentic contents. Such capabilities cause concerns such as malicious impersonation and IP theft. This paper investigates a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Yongbaek Cho , Changhoon Kim , Yezhou Yang , Yi Ren

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, demonstrating human-level performance in text generation, reasoning, and question answering. However, training such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yanbo Dai , Zongjie Li , Zhenlan Ji , Shuai Wang

In the past few years, it has been shown that deep learning systems are highly vulnerable under attacks with adversarial examples. Neural-network-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are no exception. Targeted and untargeted…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-07 Matías Pizarro , Dorothea Kolossa , Asja Fischer

With the widespread adoption of open-source code language models (code LMs), intellectual property (IP) protection has become an increasingly critical concern. While current watermarking techniques have the potential to identify the code LM…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Boyu Zhang , Ping He , Tianyu Du , Xuhong Zhang , Lei Yun , Kingsum Chow , Jianwei Yin

Audio watermarking is increasingly used to verify the provenance of AI-generated content, enabling applications such as detecting AI-generated speech, protecting music IP, and defending against voice cloning. To be effective, audio…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Yizhu Wen , Ashwin Innuganti , Aaron Bien Ramos , Hanqing Guo , Qiben Yan

As generative audio models are rapidly evolving, AI-generated audios increasingly raise concerns about copyright infringement and misinformation spread. Audio watermarking, as a proactive defense, can embed secret messages into audio for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Lingfeng Yao , Chenpei Huang , Shengyao Wang , Junpei Xue , Hanqing Guo , Jiang Liu , Phone Lin , Tomoaki Ohtsuki , Miao Pan

Problems with securing IP Telephony systems, insufficient standardization and lack of security mechanisms emerged the need for new approaches and solutions. In this paper a new, alternative security architecture for voice-systems is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Wojciech Mazurczyk , Zbigniew Kotulski